Chandeliers add elegance to any space, and the look is more versatile - and affordable - than you might think.

When you think of chandeliers, you might picture cartoonish dollar signs — they’re often associated with the wealthy– but, in fact, you can find a wide range of affordable chandeliers on the market. Chandeliers come in all types of styles, sizes, and price points, compared to industrial chandelier. Just about any consumer that’s considering a new light fixture for their home can find one that’s within their price range and matches the style of their space. All you have to do is look.




If your ceiling as are high enough to safely install one, a tiered luxury chandelier can add a majestic look to your space. Like it sounds, a tiered chandelier will have multiple levels of lights. Perhaps the most common, are chandeliers that have two tiers of lights. However, it’s not hard to find a chandelier that offers three, four, or five tiers of lights.

Candelabra Chandeliers
Many of the modern chandeliers of the past held candles. Candelabra, or candle style chandeliers, borrow this idea to keep a classic, old-fashioned look, while updating the technology behind it to add safety and convenience. You can get the historical look of a candle-filled chandelier by simply flipping a switch (and without burning your house down).


What is a downlight?
The downlight definition can vary depending on whom you ask, but generally speaking, downlighting refers to any light that is mounted in a high place and aimed downward at a surface, object, or general area, like a spotlight. The term is often used interchangeably with “recessed lights”, which are downlights that have been mounted within an opening in the ceiling.


Recessed downlights typically require three primary components for installation. Even so, they’re not particularly difficult to install.

Components

Finally, you must select a light source to provide the actual illumination in your recessed lighting. The types of bulbs you can use in recessed lighting include halogen, fluorescent, incandescent, and LED. Each of these bulbs has its pros and cons. The housing usually includes instructions from the manufacturer on suggested bulb types, which makes your choice easier. In addition, most LED surface mounted downlight trims contain an integrated LED module and have no need for separate bulbs. The experienced staff at Take Three Lighting is always ready to help you with your choice of bulbs, trim and housing or with any questions you may have.

Also, LED Street lights are becoming more the norm than the exception due to lower prices, better technology and more demand for energy efficiency. With savings of our 70% compared to HIDs, Metal Halide and High Pressure sodium, the energy savings is pushing LED street lights into the very mainstream. The MH and HPS have been the dominant light sources for the last 30 years, but Light Emitting Diodes are taking over faster than ever.

What does the fire retardant wadding protect?

    The purpose of Fireproof Flame Retardant Wadding is to protect the parachute from the heat of the ejection charge. This is a type of cloth wadding that does not need to be replaced between flights. It saves money, especially on large diameter rockets that would need a lot of regular disposable wadding to protect the chute.

    Simply so, what can I use for rocket wadding? By far the most commonly used alternative to recovery wadding is cellulose insulation. Cellulose is made from recycled paper and is treated with boric acid to be fire-resistant. Boric acid is a natural substance, but it is also poisonous.

    Also Know, what does recovery wadding do? Recovery wadding is necessary to protect your parachute from being damaged. As your rocket's motor burns out, it emits a small burst or charge that pops the nose cone out, and deploys the parachute. Without the wadding, the chute could be burned.

    Products that are handcrafted offer higher quality and more attention to detail apart from taking less energy than a mass production assembly line. This makes them more environmentally sustainable. Also, when you buy a handmade product, the local artisans or the locally-owned independent businesses creating them yield a higher percentage of their revenue to their communities than chains. Because Natural Health Materials are what they are – natural, they are not made in factories. The option of customizing your purchase by dealing directly with the artisans when you purchase natural products makes your choices open to tweaking certain aspects of the product precisely to fit your needs.

    There are two sides of the acoustical coin, if you will. There are products that absorb echo within a room, and there are products that will block or stop/reduce sound transmission. There are some panels that will do a bit of both. These are generally called composites, but for now, let’s keep it simple. Sound-Absorbing And Energy-Saving Materials are used to improve the sound quality inside of the room in which they are installed. They are usually installed on the walls or ceiling as a finished surface in the room. Products that are used to block sound are used INSIDE of the wall or ceiling – as part of the construction material. They can be dense, heavy materials or materials that will decouple the wall assembly – and due to their density, often reflect the sound back into the room rather than the sound penetrating through to the other side. Absorbing the echo in a room and blocking or reducing sound are done in two very different ways and with different products and approaches.

    In fact, some people soundproofing a room on the cheap side even hang moving blankets on the wall to create a DIY Sound Absorbing Padding. If you are interested in a more professional or finished look as well as performance, there are fantastic sound-absorbing products on the market.

    In order to keep the neighbors from complaining, you are going to have to build a room within a room and float the whole thing on a layer or two of rubber so that this new room is not touching the floor. The tricky part becomes getting fresh air into the space. I would suggest using a 2×6 stud for the walls with a layer or two of 5/8” sheetrock (drywall) on the outside, some kind of Thermal Insulation on the inside and then two more layers of 5/8” sheetrock. Install a heavy, solid core door and be sure to use sealant to seal the rough opening to the studs. You are going to need to build some kind of lined duct or chamber to pull or push fresh air into the room as well as to return it to the rest of the air in the apartment. If this isn’t done correctly, it can quickly negate the walls ability to block sound.

    Filter And Filter Materials are usually made of spun fiberglass material or from pleated paper or cloth enclosed in a cardboard frame. Its basic function is to clean the air that circulates through your heating and cooling system. Filters trap and hold many types of particulates and contaminants that could affect your health and comfort, including:

            Dust and dirt
       
            Pollen
       
            Mold and mold spores
       
            Fibers and lint
       
            Metal, plaster or wood particles
       
            Hair and animal fur
       
    Filtration usually occurs when expended air is brought back into the HVAC equipment to be conditioned and distributed again. The air is forced through the filter, and the material removes particulates and other contaminants from the air.

    Meltblown polypropylene is used as the middle layer of many certified medical masks and in the manufacture of respirators such as N95s: it filters very well. It remains in short supply, with many distributors in Canada fully committed to July 2021. It is not intended to be washed, though novel programs for limited reuse of respirators have been developed for hospitals.

    Because of the supply issue and because it is not washable, we do not recommend using melt-blown polypropylene for reusable non-medical masks.

    Disposable non-medical Filter Fabric For Facemask intended to be inserted into pocket masks are sold commercially and may contain melt blown, spun bond and other components; it is not always possible to determine their composition from the packaging or advertisements. Currently, no standards define their use in Canada. They are designed to be discarded after each use.

    Spunlace polypropylene tends to be naturally springy and in contrast to spunbond and meltblown, it absorbs liquids. Some wet wipes are produced by spunlace methods. However, the material used is often not polypropylene but rather viscose-polyester blend, to increase absorbency. The composition of the wet ingredients is clearly specified on packaging, but many wipes do not include the fibre composition of the material. These materials are not intended to be laundered and reused. Some wipes contain active ingredients that might be harmful if inhaled. For all these reasons, we do not recommend using dried-out wipes as Eco-Friendly Materials filters.

The beauty industry has seen it all when it comes to lashes—magnifying mascaras, “miracle” growth serums, heated curlers—you name it. But no trend is quite as polarizing as eyelash extensions. When extensions first hit the mainstream market, it seemed like a relatively painless way to achieve wispy, fluttering lashes without the inconvenience of falsies or mascara. But as with any new beauty service, lash extensions quickly revealed their drawbacks. For starters, some states haven’t placed regulations on the service, consequently leading to cases of irritation, infection, and damaged natural lashes due to poor hygiene and technique.1 The process is also fairly expensive, setting you back hundreds of dollars and hours of your personal time.






Types of Eyelash Extensions
Lash artists use three different kinds of eyelash extension materials: mink, silk, and synthetic. Some studios also carry "faux mink eyelashes" extensions, which are technically just synthetic extensions that mimic mink extensions. Most lash studios have their preference for the type of lash extension they use and won't always ask you if you have a preference. So if you're vegan or allergic to cats, be sure to specifically request that mink eyelash extensions are not used on you. No lash extension type lasts longer than the other, but mink and silk flat eyelashes tend to have a more natural look, while synthetic lashes can be thicker and darker, which is better suited for those who want a bolder look.

Within these three categories (mink, silk, and 3D synthetic eyelashes), there are varying degrees of length and curl to choose from. Typically your lash artist will use multiple lengths and curl strengths to create a wide-eyed effect, with longer lashes being placed towards the outer corners of the eyes and shorter lashes placed on the inner corners.


Application: Using tweezers, your lash artist will dip the end of each extension in the lash glue and then apply it to your individual circular eyelashes. In most cases, one eyelash extension is applied per natural lash, however, more voluminous looks can require multiple extensions per individual natural lash. The application isn’t painful, although you may feel anxious having tweezers operate so close to your eyes while they’re closed.Potential Damage to Natural Lashes: Even if you see the best lash artist and execute your aftercare perfectly, it’s still very possible that you’ll see damage to your natural human hair eyelashes. As your natural lashes grow, your extensions get farther and farther from the root of the lash. This makes it harder for your natural lashes to support the weight of the extension, which can cause breakage. Rubbing or itching your lashes in your sleep (either with your hands or against your pillow) can also cause damage to natural lashes. 3

Uneven Fallout: Your lashes are at all different stages of growth at any given time, which means that some lashes are in a period of growth, while others are getting ready to shed. This means that a few weeks after your appointment, some extensions will fall out as lashes shed and are replaced with new, extension-free eyelashes, while others will remain in tact. This can create an uneven, scattered effect if you don’t get your extensions refilled every 2-4 weeks.
Washing Your Face Is a Pain: Remember that you can’t rub your eyes when you have eyelash extensions, which means you have to work around the eye area when you’re washing your face.

Creating glass containers can be accomplished by one of two different processes – the Blow and Blow, or the Press and Blow process. Each process is chosen based on the kind of glass bottle being made. All glass bottles start out as raw materials. Silica (sand), soda ash, limestone, and cullet (furnace-ready, recycled glass) are combined into a specific mixture based on the desired properties of the bottle. The mixture is then melted at high temperatures in the furnace until it becomes a molten material, ready for formation. The type of glass this mixture will produce is known as soda-lime glass, the most popular glass for food and beverages.




The Press and Blow process is the most commonly used method in glass bottle manufacturing. It uses an individual section (IS) machine, which is separated into varying sections to produce several containers of the same size simultaneously. The molten glass is cut with a shearing blade into a specific gob size. The gob falls into the machine by force of gravity. A metal plunger is used to push the gob down into the mold, where it starts to take shape and become a parison. The parison is then transferred into the blow mold and reheated so that the parison is soft enough to finish off the dimensions of the glass. Once the parison is reheated to blowing temperature, air is injected to blow the container into shape. Press and blow methods are typically used for manufacturing wide-mouth bottles and glass jars as their size allows the plunger into the parison.




Plastic containers can work fine in a pinch, but plastic food storage does come with some concerns about leeching chemicals. Pressure canning the broth in glass jars in another option, like a CBD flower jar, but requires more work and attention.



Anytime you freeze in a glass jar that has shoulders, you have to make sure that the broth stays below the shoulders while it freezes and expands. That means that the broth should be 2-3 inches below the shoulders before you stick it in the freezer.

3. Use Wide Mouth Mason Jars
Instead of using regular qube jars and worrying about the shoulders, you can use wide mouth mason jars.


Place your jars in a cardboard box (like the one mason concentrate jar sets are sold in) before putting in the freezer. This allows you to easily keep some distance between them and can also be handy if you use a chest freezer. Or use a JarBox, a genius product!
Slip your jars into clean socks before putting them in the freezer. This prevents them from bumping against each other and breaking that way.
Try Glasslock storage containers. The glass is tempered, so it’s stronger and better able to handle temperature changes. They are pricier than canning or repurposed weed jars, but might be an investment you’d like to make since you can also cook with them.
Stick with jars that are designated as freezer-safe, like these pint-and-a-half wide mouth jars, or use smaller size jars like wide mouth pint, half-pint, and 4-ounce.

What is Quartz Glass?
Quartz is one of the most abundant and widely distributed minerals in nature. Quartz is the only stable polymorph of crystalline silica on the Earth‘s surface. It is found in all forms of rocks: igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary. It becomes concentrated in soils, bodies of water and sand when a quartz-bearing rock is weathered or eroded.




Washing and Drying
Dirt, moisture and contaminants present in the natural quartz are removed in the early stages of processing which may affect the quality and performance of the quartz glass to be produced. This is only applicable for mined quartz banger.

Comminution

Electric Arc Fusion
The quartz sand is melted in an electric arc furnace. The resulting glass ingots are crushed and molded; the formed parts are dried and sintered. In this method, the quartz flask glass produced is white and opaque and does not generally belong to any types of quartz glass. However, it is comparable to transparent quartz in terms of purity level.

Shaping and Finishing Processes
A manufacturer can process quartz glass just like any other kinds of glass.



Cutting: Band and wire saws, chop saws, CO2 lasers, and water jet cutters are used to cut the quartz glass. Using a laser cutter can leave a glazed and smooth cut, while those quartz glass which used saw cutting can leave a rough cut. Thick quartz glass sheet slabs may require multiple consecutive cuts if a single cut would not suffice. Annealing may be required to relieve the thermally-induced stress and to keep it from shattering.Quartz glass is known for its very low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). Thermal expansion refers to the fractional change in size of an object in response to the change of its temperature. For most materials, CTE is directly proportional to temperature change. Quartz glass also has excellent thermal shock resistance, which can withstand sudden and extreme changes in temperature. Quartz glass instrument also has low thermal conductivity.


Quartz glass is softened starting at 16300C and acts like a viscous liquid at high temperatures like most glass types. This state occurs at a wide range of temperature, and viscosity decreases with increasing temperature. Viscosity is also increased by the presence of impurities.

Mechanical Properties
Quartz glass has almost similar mechanical properties compared to other glass types. Quartz glass rod has high compressive strength, but also exhibits high brittleness. Surface defects can also affect the overall strength of this material. Machine-polished parts tend to be weaker than fire-polished ones. Also, the age of the glass also affects reliability due to exposure to the environment.

Optical Properties
Quartz crucible glass has been a subject of research due to its extensive optical transmission properties, covering the ultra-violet regions, visible and infrared wavelengths. It can be further enhanced through addition of doping materials. Transmission is influenced by the quartz glass‘ purity and OH content. The increase in metallic impurities and OH-molecular vibrational and rotational excitations can lead to light absorption and hence affect the consequent transmission.

The search for a new folder-gluer can be very daunting. There are many folder-gluer OEMs out there and each have different models, features and sizes designed for a variety of applications. When a finisher or folding carton manufacturer is in the market for an upgraded or new folder-gluer, there are several questions to ask in order to find the best fit for the market they are involved in or attempting to enter.




Other items to think about are the features and age of your current folder-gluer. Obviously, you wouldn’t be considering another folder-gluer if you haven’t examined the abilities and features of what you already have on your floor. Age can equate to repairs, and upgrade installations (if available) can lead to downtime and added cost. If you need a machine that can run 4-/6-corner products and your current side gluing folder gluer is not equipped to run them, your options are limited.



3. What does your budget allow? What can you afford?
The price range for a new folder-gluer can run from around $200,000 for a small, simple machine designed to do simple-style products to well over a million dollars for a machine that can do large, complex styles. The price should be reflective of the technology that went into the design. However, this is not always the case. It is important to analyze all the different box folder-gluers on the market, with 4/6 corner box folder, the features available and how those features meet the type of cartons you will be running. Look for extended-length parts warranties that are included in the base price. Extra operator training also can be included, in many cases, as incentive for purchase.

When comparing different pre-folding folder gluer and looking at the technology included, you have options.

Option 3.
Option 3 is a model without automation or motorized carriers. The operator uses a hand crank to move and adjust each carrier position. This is even less costly and is old school for sure. But, it can fit into the overall budget better and the set-up methods of the seasoned operator. Numerical carrier position indicators should be a must have for repeat jobs; however, most seasoned operators won’t use them. This is okay as long as the job is set-up in good time and the waste is low. Experienced operators generally know what they are doing on a crash lock bottom folder gluer but would be well-served using the new technology to increase their knowledge and productivity.

Running a logistics company in the cold chain industry is big business today. The business opportunity can be attributed to the growing demand for cold storage of fresh products. However, you have to invest in refrigerated trucks to succeed in the industry. That said, refrigerated stock trucks are not enough to run a successful cold chain logistics business. You need the right refrigerated truck accessories to enhance the performance of your fleet of refrigerated trucks. This article highlights essential accessories for a refrigerated delivery truck.

Wind Deflectors — A refrigerated truck consumes a little bit more fuel than the average truck for two reasons. First, the refrigeration unit is driven by the truck's engine. Second, the weight of the refrigeration machinery and the insulation adds to the truck's total weight. Therefore, it is vital to keep fuel consumption as efficient as possible. One way to achieve this is to eliminate wind drag, and wind deflectors are excellent at this. The add-ons improve a truck's aerodynamic performance. Besides, wind deflectors offer a maintenance-free, fuel-saving performance. A wind deflector can be customised to suit the different models of trucks in your fleet. Further, deflectors can act as advertising space for your business.

Cart Stop Kit — Loading and offloading palletised cargo on a refrigerated truck is a two-person job on most delivery trucks. The reason is that one person has to hold onto the pallet cart to prevent it from rolling off the platform as the other operates the liftgate. Retrofitting the liftgate with a cart stop kit is the best way to free up some of your staff. However, it would help if you understood that cart stop kits come in different designs. Some models are operated by hand while others need a simple kick of the foot. The best design is the foot-actuate cart stop because all you need to do is kick the latch to bring up the cart stop and keep the cargo secure.

Strip Curtains — Multi-drop deliveries are part of the cold chain industry, especially if you want to make last-mile distribution part of your strategy. However, opening and closing the truck doors on every delivery destination leads to frequent and near-total loss of cold air. This compromises the temperature inside the truck and puts temperature-sensitive cargo at risk of spoiling. Strip curtains eliminate this problem by ensuring cold air stays in the refrigerated unit, and warm air stays out. The best part is that you can either install the strip curtains on a fixed or sliding railing.

Since the advent of refrigerated trucks, or "reefers" as the industry calls them, food and transportation have been intricately linked.

Cold trucks cut down dramatically on food waste and provide the backbone for moving perishable food — from tomatoes to tri-tip to tilapia — to stores and consumers. At the same time, refrigerated trucks use a quarter more fuel (usually diesel) than non-refrigerated trucks do, as well as hydrofluorocarbon chemicals for cooling, which are a potent greenhouse gas.

Because of these negative environmental effects, companies that sell and use reefer trucks are beginning to test out ways to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions associated with transporting food that needs to be chilled. Some of these innovations are technologies that can be used on lower-emission trucks in general, but some have been created specifically for refrigerated truck belt.

Here are five hot technologies for cold trucking:

1. Electric, of course: Aligning with the overall trend of vehicles electrifying, some companies have been testing electric refrigerated trucks with filter. Startup Chanje has developed an electric refrigerated van in conjunction with refrigeration giant Thermo King. The companies debuted a prototype of the vehicle at the huge commercial EV show ACT Expo last year (which is coming up in May; we'll be there!)

In Europe, Renault Trucks with gasket has developed an electric refrigerated box truck. These electric vehicles can be particularly beneficial in urban environments, where they not only can slash city air pollution but also eliminate the noise associated with delivery trucks in neighborhoods.

2. Trailer-top solar: For larger refrigerated trucks with shaft seal that use a trailer equipped with a separate engine, solar panels on the roof and a battery in the back of the trailer can help. (Truck industry pro tip: The trailer is the back part of the truck that holds stuff). A company called eNow makes a solar-powered cooling unit that replaces the engine of a refrigerated trailer. As our buddy Bill Van Amburg, executive vice president of CALSTART, says in this piece: "Many of the small engines used to power the conventional refrigeration units are essentially unregulated and so are highly polluting."

This is a pretty interesting application for solar in trucking. Other truck makers are starting to explore how to use solar panels to power the auxiliary systems of trucks with oil pump, used to run air conditioning, heating or TVs for drivers that sleep overnight in the cabs. And just to note, most truck makers are not looking to power a truck with solar panels — the propulsion energy needs of a truck are too high and the real estate on the roof is too low.

3. Liquid nitrogen: Now this one's cool (awful pun intended). A British company called Dearman has developed an engine that uses liquid nitrogen, which is chilled to negative 320 degrees Fahrenheit. The chilled nitrogen cools the trailer but also expands as it warms, driving a piston and generating power. So the liquid nitrogen both powers the trailer and provides the cooling.

4. Smarter reefers: The same types of communications technologies — GPS, machine learning, 5G — that are helping connected vehicles reduce fuel consumption also can be applied to reduce fuel consumption of refrigerated vehicles. Researchers suggest that truck operators still need better models for helping them factor refrigerated loads into reducing emissions through routing. But companies are already building "reefer management systems" that use the latest software and sensors to operate much more efficiently.

5. Advanced thermal materials: Next-generation materials are being tested that can more efficiently heat and cool environments such as the inside of a trailer. In particular, phase change materials absorb and release heat when they go through a change in phase such as from a solid to a liquid (ice melting) and can be used in new ways. If refrigerated trailer makers can find materials that can better maintain cooling during the day for longer, without using the truck's energy-hungry cooling unit, such trailers could lower fuel use for refrigerated trucks with filter drier.

Concrete pump supplies are an essential part of owning a concrete pumping truck. Where do you find concrete pump parts and concrete pump accessories, like concrete pump straight pipe, when you need to fix your pump truck.

Having a good relationship with someone who sells concrete pumping equipment or does concrete pump service will be vital to keeping your concrete pumping company open and ready for business.

But who does concrete pump repair when something breaks down, and where can you buy concrete pump parts, accessories and equipment?

Most concrete pump manufactures, like Schwing and Putzmeister, sell pump parts and pump accessories. They should have a representative in your area you can call when you need pump service or parts.

These larger concrete pump manufactures, who sell concrete pumping supplies, also have concrete pump training classes where you can learn how to service and repair your own pump truck.

There are also many concrete pump suppliers on the web that sell parts and accessories, Pump Parts Plus, Inc. is one site you can check out for supplies.

ConcretePumps.com is another resource to find used concrete spare parts and supplies.

Pumping concrete is not just for large, commercial construction projects. Even a homeowner building a small patio can save time and money pumping concrete instead of moving it in a wheelbarrow. There are several reasons a project manager should consider concrete pumping on their next job site. There are also many advantages of concrete pumping over other methods. First, we’ll give you some background on concrete pump pipe elbow. Then we’ll show you how concrete pumping can benefit your bottom line.
What Is Concrete Pumping?
I bet you think it’s just concrete coming out of a pump. True – but an oversimplification. The machine has two cylinders that are fitted with pistons. Liquid concrete is poured into a hopper attached to the machine. The first piston creates air pressure to draw the liquid concrete from the hopper into the first cylinder. At the same time, the other piston pushes the concrete out via a discharge pipe. Then the two pistons swap jobs. This allows the concrete to flow continuously. A valve is used to switch the cylinders between the hopper and the discharge pipe.

Big Business
Concrete pumping is gaining in popularity. According to Trucking info’s September 2019 article Business is Booming for Mobile Concrete Pump parts flap elbow, the industry has grown 14% in the last two decades. 34% of concrete is now poured into place. (45% is still poured directly off trucks and the rest is moved manually by wheelbarrows and buckets.) Concrete pumping is a $1.75 billion business. It is expected to grow nearly 25% by 2021.

Types of Concrete Pumps
Truck Mounted Pump
As the name suggests, the pump is mounted on a truck. It is also known as a boom pump because an articulating robotic arm, called a boom, places the concrete. The boom is maneuvered by remote control. This type of concrete pump is often used on large construction projects. It can pour large volumes of concrete very quickly. The result is a faster, accurate pour. Also, the robotic arm can be used for other tasks, such as electrical and piping repairs.

Trailer, Line, or Stationary Pump
With this style of pump, steel or rubber hoses are attached to the machine, which is mounted on a trailer. Multiple hoses are joined to extend the reach of the pump. Trailer pumps are best for smaller jobs that require the concrete to pumped at a lower volume. Also known as line or stationary pumps, they are used for projects like sidewalks and swimming pools.

Specialized Usage Pump
Specialized equipment is always more expensive. But some job sites, like tunnels, require custom-made concrete pump part S valve. One type of specialized usage pump, though rarely used, is rail-mounted.

5 Reasons to Use Concrete Pumping
So Far Away
You can’t always get the mixer close enough to where you need to pour the concrete. This is common in construction sites located in a city or residential neighborhood.

Labor Shortage
The wheelbarrow is one of humankind’s greatest inventions. But it requires a lot of muscle to move wet concrete around. Even if saving money on labor is not your primary goal, it may be challenging to find enough workers in today’s economy.

Instability
Even if you have enough workers to push around a bunch of wheelbarrows, they can’t readily wheel over uneven or rocky ground that may surround your pour site.

No Swinging Room
You’ll need to use concrete pumping if your pour site is inside a building, at height, or underground.

Behind Schedule
If your project is running over, concrete pumping is much faster and can get you back on schedule.

Benefits of Concrete Pumping
There are many benefits to using concrete pumping, including:

You can place the concrete farther away and at greater heights.
You can place the concrete even in bad weather.
It is easier to pour smaller amounts in multiple locations as some job sites may require.
It takes fewer workers to pour in place.
The concrete moves faster from the source to the pouring location.
It can allow you to get to areas not accessible by crane.
The time-savings may allow you to complete work on multiple job sites in a day, reducing costs.
Wrap Up
There really is no job too big or too small that a concrete pump parts reducer can’t handle. In most situations, the project manager will find that there are overall cost savings in using concrete pumping on their job sites. Even if concrete pumping is more expensive than other pouring methods, the savings in labor and time can more than offset the service. In some cases, concrete pumping may be the only reasonable solution for challenging job sites.

Wet Wipes vs Toilet Paper: A Historical Perspective

The wet wipes vs toilet paper debate is surprisingly recent, primarily because both wet wipes and toilet paper are surprisingly recent in the long history of human hygiene.

Toilet paper was introduced first. China is widely believed to have invented toilet paper. Yan Zhitui made the first known historical reference to paper used for wiping in the 6th Century, saying: “Paper on which there are quotations or commentaries from the Five Classics or the names of sages, I dare not use for toilet purposes.” In other words, out of respect, Yan Zhitui avoided wiping with paper inscribed with the Five Classics and the names of sages, implying that paper was a known wiping method in those times. However, it was not until nearly 900 years later that China was believed to manufacture paper specifically for wiping on a large scale.

At this time, the Americas were still many centuries away from using toilet paper. Prior to the late 1800’s, the Americas used what we have dubbed the “closest smooth-ish object” method (i.e., identifying the closest object that was relatively smooth and using it to wipe). For example, early Americans used corn cobs, straw, newspapers, catalogs, and magazines to wipe.

Patents related to toilet paper started to appear in the late 1800’s.

And it was not until the early 1900’s that toilet paper began to be manufactured on a large scale in the form that we know it today.

The wet wipes vs toilet paper choice saw its birth in the mid-1900s. Wet wipes were originally known as “wet naps” and were invented in the 1950’s. Wet wipes were not originally used to wipe the backside, but instead were first sold to Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) to wipe dirty hands.

It was not until the 1990’s that wet wipes became popular to wipe baby bottoms in the form that we know them today. There are also make up wet wipes, and wet wipes bucket.

Wet wipes remained a toilet paper alternative primarily for wiping babies bottoms for the next 10-15 years. However, in the last decade, baby wet wipe demand has grown by 50%. This is due in part to the adoption of wet wipes by all ages. And in this last decade, the wet wipes vs toilet paper debate has begun to rage.

Wet Wipes vs Toilet Paper: How Are They Made?

Many of the differences in wet wipes vs toilet paper arise from the way that each is made. And the way that each is made is directly related to the original purpose of each product.

Toilet paper is made from trees. The manufacturing process includes stripping trees of bark, cutting the trees into wood chips, creating a pulp, bleaching the pulp, and pressing it to drain water and flatten the pulp. Toilet paper is designed in this way so that it will break down and dissolve easily when exposed to water.

Wet wipes were originally made to wipe dirty hands. They were made to be durable in order to clean up messes and to be thrown in the trash, not to disintegrate when introduced to water. In fact, disintegration when in contact with a fluid would defeat the very nature of a wet wipe – wet wipes are supposed to be wet; therefore, they should be durable enough to withstand being wet so that consumers do not purchase a disintegrated product in the store.

To provide durability, disinfectant wet wipes are typically composed of various nonwoven fabrics, such as polyester, polypropylene, viscose pulp, and cotton. It may come as a surprise, but some of these non-woven fabrics are actually plastics. The integration of natural and synthetic materials offer wet wipes their durability.

Wet Wipes vs Toilet Paper: Polls on the Internet

What can the metrics tell us about who is winning the adult wet wipes vs toilet paper debate?

We polled the audience in our first wet wipes vs toilet paper article to determine how people wipe. Wet wipes currently have a commanding lead with 62% of the vote followed by toilet paper with 16% of the vote. Toilet paper spray (which is sprayed directly onto toilet paper so that the toilet paper functions like a wet wipe) came in third with 9% of the vote.

TreeHugger.com has a similar wet wipes vs toilet paper survey. Toilet paper took the lead in this poll with 59% of the vote, followed by a relatively even split between a bidet and wet wipes at about 17%. Despite the lopsided results, TreeHugger.com noted an increasing trend in wipes use, especially among millennials.

We found a third wet wipes vs toilet paper poll on a BodyBuilding.com forum. The survey has wet wipes in the lead with almost 47% of the vote, followed by toilet paper at 32%, with an astounding 20% of participants opting to jump in shower instead.

The polls demonstrate the relatively even split, depending on the readership, in the wet wipes vs toilet paper debate.

Wet Wipes vs Toilet Paper: Price Comparison

Toilet paper typically offers better pricing than wet wipes. It is best to think of the cost of wet wipes vs toilet paper in terms of cost per wipe – how much are you spending each time you wipe?

We have analyzed the cost of wet wipes extensively in our wet wipes cost article here. Cost per wipe for wet wipes is influenced primarily by whether you are buying: (1) in bulk, (2) online or in store, and/or (3) natural, high end brands or brands that may contain synthetic materials or ingredients. The cost per wet wipe ranges from $0.023 per wipe all the way to $0.123 per wipe. On average, you will pay about $0.06 each time you wipe your rear.

Toilet paper is cheaper in the wet wipes vs toilet paper cost analysis. For example, take this Charmin toilet paper with 24 rolls, each roll having 363 sheets, available on Amazon for $28.49. That equates to 8,712 sheets of toilet paper. Assuming you use about 6 squares per wipe, you are spending about $0.019 per wipe. On the cheaper end, this Presto brand toilet paper with 24 rolls, each roll having 308 sheets, is available on Amazon for $19.43. That equates to 7,392 sheets of toilet paper. At 6 squares per wipe, you are spending about $0.016 per wipe.

In sum, when you are considering wet wipes vs toilet paper, keep in mind that the cost of wet wipes may average 2-3 times the cost toilet paper on a per wipe basis.

Wet Wipes vs Toilet Paper: Hygiene Issues in the News

One of the primary drivers behind increased wet wipe use is the improved hygiene that they provide. Recently, some doctors went so far as to suggest ditching toilet paper entirely in favor of wet wipes. These doctors warn that wiping with toilet paper alone could “leave feces behind” and could lead to excessive wiping that “could cause health problems such as anal fissures and urinary tract infections.” Indeed, they point out that toilet paper may wipe, but it does not actually clean because it does not contain cleansing ingredients. Wet wipes, on the other hand, can contain ingredients that actually clean, which improves hygiene and potentially prevents health issues.

While wipes may prevent some health issues, it is important to choose your wipes carefully. Some chemicals in wet wipes have been linked with skin irritation and rashes. For example, a preservative known as methylisothiazolinone found in some wipes was linked to rashes (see this article discussing the effects of methylisothiazolinone). As another example, a preservative in some wipes known as phenoxyethanol has been reported to be a potential irritant as well.

If hygiene is a top priority to you in your wet wipes vs toilet paper choice, wet wipes may be preferable, but be sure to research ingredients prior to purchase if you have sensitive skin.

Wet Wipes vs Toilet Paper: Environmental Issues in the News

Toilet paper is the most eco-friendly option in the wet wipes vs toilet paper discussion. As we previously pointed out, the TreeHugger.com audience preferred toilet paper to wet wipes, which we believe could be due to environmental issues with wet wipes that have recently come to light.

We have written about the eco issues with wet wipes extensively in our article here; however, here is a brief introduction. As we discussed above, non woven wipes are designed to be durable enough for heavy duty tasks and to avoid immediate disintegration when in contact with fluid (hence, a “wet” wipe). Therefore, wet wipes do not break down very easily when exposed to toilet water. In fact, an experiment performed by Consumer Reports (watch the video, it is fascinating) indicates that even “flushable” wipes may not break down quickly enough. On the contrary, toilet paper immediately begins degrading when it touches water, so it does not cause issues after flushing.

Visit a bed and bath store, and you’ll find aisle after aisle devoted to every type of bedding. There are soft, comfortable sheets that make sliding into bed a joy; blankets that warm up chilly winter nights, and many different types of bedding toppers. The last category is where confusion might set in—comforter, duvet cover, quilt, bedspread: What’s the difference, and why should you choose one over the other, anyway? While sheets and blankets are mostly functional, the bedding set topper has a more decorative purpose—it sets the pace for your bedroom’s style and feel. So when it’s time to give your bedroom a new look, it helps to know which type of topper is the best choice for your space.


Quilts
The term quilt comes with lots of nostalgic connotations in addition to defining a type of bedding. Feather Quilting is an artistic endeavor as well as a style of manufacturing. A traditional quilt has three layers: top, inner batting, and bottom. The top layer of a quilt is crafted from many different pieces of fabric stitched together into complex patterns. The batting is a thin inner layer of wool or down, and the bottom is usually a solid piece of fabric. The quilter stitches through all three layers, creating the familiar quilted look of this very old art form. Some of the traditional American quilt designs include a double wedding ring, log cabin, patchwork, and flying geese. Quilt color schemes can be very bright and varied, or a mix of subtle colors, or a colored pattern on a white or solid background.

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Today, inexpensive quilts are generally made with sewing machines, not by hand, and the patterns are sometimes dyed onto the fabric instead of pieced together with fabric scraps. Quilts with feather pillow are usually made from cotton or cotton blends and are lightweight, thus perfect for summer use or as a winter topper with blankets underneath.

Quilts work especially well in country, rustic, coastal, or any other casual decorating style.

Comforters
Typically, a comforter is defined as a thick bedding topper filled with down or a synthetic substitute. Many comforters are sewn-through or quilted to keep the filling in place, but unlike a quilt, a comforter’s stitching is not ornately patterned. The amount and type of fill determine how much warmth a comforter provides. Probably the most popular type of bedding topper in the U.S., you can find comforters in just about any theme, color, style or design you desire. Cotton, cotton blends, and synthetics are the most common fabrics. Comforters are usually warm enough to use without a blanket underneath. Often, you';ll find comforters sold as a set with matching shams.

Comforters are especially good for children’s bedrooms, as you can find a wide range of comforter/sheet sets in a bag for kid’s rooms. They are also a good choice if you are shopping on a tight budget.

Duvets
Although many people use the word “duvet” to refer to the duvet cover, technically a duvet is a comforter, usually plain white and filled with down, while the duvet cover is the fabric envelope that fits over the duvet and closes down one side with large buttons, ties, or a zipper. The most popular style of bedding with mattress in much of Europe, duvets and their covers have also become very popular in the US over the past decade or two. The duvet cover protects the inner comforter and is easy to remove for laundering, an improvement over traditional comforters and quilts, which are generally not easy to wash. In Europe, it is common to use the duvet without a top sheet underneath, but old habits die hard, and most Americans still use a duvet over a top sheet.

The warmth of a duvet depends on the type and amount of filling. In the summer, you can use the duvet cover on its own as a lightweight topper, then add extra blankets under the duvet when it’s cold. Duvet covers are now easy to find in a wide range of styles, especially if you are looking for a contemporary or sophisticated look. Fabrics range from cotton to silk to synthetics and blends, sometimes with additional embroidery or other embellishments. Duvet covers are often sold with matching shams for a matched bedroom ensemble.

Especially good for minimalist, sophisticated, or modern bedrooms. They are a good choice for anyone who doesn’t want to bother with a top sheet.

Bedspreads
Bedspreads are single-layer bedding toppers that cover the entire bed right down to the floor and often cover the pillows as well. Many bedspreads have elaborate pompom, corduroy, or chenille finishes, and some have fringe along the bottom edges. Solid colors are most common, although there are printed bedspreads available. Bedspreads are lightweight, so are best for summer use, or used over a blanket in cooler weather. Although you still commonly find bedspreads in hotels, they are somewhat out of fashion for home use.

Bedspreads are especially good for guest rooms, or for any bedroom with a retro style.