WHAT IS TRAPPING?
Fishing is one of the oldest ways by which people have fed themselves and their families. Except for gathering shellfish by hand and spearing fish (Figure 1), primitive trapping is probably the oldest form of fishing.

In early times, flowing water caused by tidal movement and changes in river and lake levels were probably used to trap fish behind rudimentary barriers, often made from sticks and stones. It is likely that early humans found that fish catches could be improved by driving fish into these barriers. They would have found that catches from these barriers decreased over time, as fish became accustomed to them, and would have had to move the traps to fresh areas where more fish could be caught. It would have been hard work to construct new traps, either by moving stones from the old trap or finding new ones. Primitive fishers probably tried making barriers from lighter, more readily available material such as tree branches, brush and vines (Figure 2). This led to the fishers inventing lighter, movable traps made from brush and nets made from vines which they could carry with them when they moved to new areas. They may even have tried bigger, more complicated corral-type fishing traps in lakes, rivers and coastal waters.

Either by accident or by inspiration, fishers then found that:

fish were caught in traps as the tide fell, were forced into them by the current or could be chased into them by the fisher;
fish entered the trap for protection or simply followed other fish seeking shelter;
objects in the traps such as white stones attracted the fish;
bits of fish or meat would attract more fish.
It is from such beginnings that modern traps and pots have developed.

Traps and pots do not seem to have developed in only one part of the world. As fish became an important food source, many types of traps and pots were developed. We will look at some of this variety later in the manual, concentrating on portable traps and fishing net and pots and giving less detail about corrals and other herding devices.

WHAT ARE TRAPS?
Traps are simple, passive fishing gear that allow fish to enter and then make it hard for them to escape. This is often achieved by:

putting chambers in the trap or pot that can be closed once the fish enters;
having a funnel that makes it difficult for the fish to escape (Figure 17, p. 20).
Smaller traps are generally fully covered except for the entrance or entrances, while larger traps that extend above the water level are often left open at the top.

TYPES OF TRAPS AND POTS
People in different parts of the world are not always referring to exactly the same things when they use the words "trap" and "pot". In general, traps are large structures fixed to the shore. Pots are smaller, movable traps, enclosed baskets or boxes that are set from a boat or by hand.

A simple system for the naming of traps and pots was produced by von Brandt in 1959 for FAO and is used in this manual. General types of traps and pots include:

traps that form barriers to fish movement, including walls or dams, fences, fyke nets, gratings and watched chambers that can be closed by the fisher after the fish enters (Figure 2);
traps that make hiding places (habitat traps), including brush traps and octopus pots (Figures 3a and 3c);
tubular traps, which are narrow funnels or hoses that stop the fish from getting out backwards; eel tubes fall into this category (Figure 3b);
traps that are mechanically closed by the fish, including gravity traps or box traps, bent-rod traps (whipping bough traps), torsion traps, drying net and snares;
baskets, which are enclosed traps and pots usually with a structure to make escape difficult; they include pots made of wood, wire or plastic, conical and drum-like traps made of netting with hoops and frames (e.g. drum nets) and box-like traps made with strong frames (Figures 4, 5 and 6);
large open traps, or fishing net accessories or corrals with a part or mechanism to stop fish from escaping, which can be fixed on sticks or anchors, set or floating (Figure 7);
traps set out of the water to catch fish such as flying fish that jump off the tops of waves and glide over the surface when in danger; these can be box-shaped, rafts, boats or nets ("veranda" net types); scoop nets are sometimes used for making fish jump. Pitfall traps can be used for marine animals that migrate over land, such as coconut crabs.
In this manual we will concentrate on how you can make and use the various types of transportable traps and pots, the "basket" type. The making and use of other types will be looked at only very briefly.

HOW DO TRAPS AND POTS WORK?
Trapping is a passive way to catch fish, shellfish, crustaceans (crabs, prawns, etc.) and cephalopods (octopus, squid, etc.) and is different from active fishing methods such as dredging and trawling. Traps can vary, from simple structures such as rock corrals able to hold various fish species passing by, to highly specialized equipment such as lobster pots.

Simple trapping and potting can be carried out from small boats or canoes (Figure 8) or from large vessels. The efficiency of fishing with pots or traps can be improved by the use on board vessels of such equipment as power winches and haulers (Figure 9).

Fish that enter a trap or pot find it difficult to get out and this gives the fisher time to take the fish that are caught.

An advantage of trapping is that it allows some control over the species and sizes of the fish you catch. The trap entrance, or funnel, can be regulated to control the maximum size of fish that enter. The size of the holes, or mesh, in the body of the trap can regulate the minimum size that is retained. To a large extent, the fish species that will be caught depend on the type, model and characteristics of the pot or trap, or cast net being used.

For years, I was like Goldilocks when it came to dining chairs. I went through three different sets before finally settling on vintage Paul McCobb Planner Group chairs. They’re decidedly mid-century in their provenance, but really, they’re a riff on a classic spindle chair that could have been designed by the Shakers. I chose them because they are simple, sturdy, and comfortable, but I would also argue that this type of modern spindle chair is one of the most versatile dining chairs you can purchase. 

Today’s spindle chairs can easily go farmhouse or modern, depending on what table and linens you pair them with. They also have a knack for looking right at home in both casual and formal settings. Many are painted black, which both harks back to traditional Windsor chairs and creates a visually striking silhouette, but you can find them in a range of finishes or paint some in a rainbow of shades yourself, if you want to. If you’re looking to upgrade your dining table setup, consider these eight spindle armchair contenders. They’re all made from solid wood, so they are built to last for years—and will likely still be in style for the long haul.

Salt Chair
Ton’s beech Ironica chair, sold by Design Within Reach as the “Salt Chair,” is an icon in its own right. The company has been selling this slender take on a spindle for more than a decade and currently stocks four finishes—white, grey, black and natural. This is one instance when DWR is more “within reach.” If you search for the Ironica from other retailers, you will find other colors but with higher price points.

J77 Dining Chair
Hay is another European manufacturer that makes its own modern take on a spindle chair. Their J77 dining chair is a personal favorite, thanks to its stylish, lower-profile back. This design is part of Hay’s 2011 relaunch of furniture originally made for FDB, the Danish Consumers’ Co-operative Society in the 1940s, and it comes in a few different colors as well.

Magnolia Home Vermont Chimney Dining Side Chair
Of course Joanna Gaines, the queen of modern farmhouse style, has not one, but two, spindle chairs in her collection for Living Spaces. This particular style skews a little more on the rustic side and has just the right proportions for a smaller dining area or breakfast nook.

NORRARYD chair
IKEA discontinued their OLLE chair, which was my favorite of their spindle dining chairs and the perfect match to my son’s junior chair, but they do have an option in their current catalog. The NORRARYD chair, which comes in black and white, costs just $75, so it’s a great budget option, even if the OLLE was a little more sleek.

Taylor Solid Wood Dining Chairs
Joss & Main sells many takes on a spindle chair, but the Taylor Solid Wood Dining Chair comes in an interesting two-tone colorway that sets it apart from many of the others on the market. These would be at home in any Scandi or farmhouse  modern decor scheme.

Windsor Dining Chairs
West Elm’s Windsor Dining Chairs are a surprisingly affordable option at less than $100 apiece. These are a collaboration with the London-based designer Aaron Probyn. You’ll have to wait a little while for these, since like many of the brand’s furniture pieces, they’re backordered until October. If you order now though, you’ll have them well before hosting Thanksgiving (if that’s a possibility this year).

Thatcher Chair
If American-made is important to you, the Thatcher Chair with bar stool from Room & Board is a solid but expensive option. The back is slightly higher than most dining chairs and dining table, which creates a dramatic silhouette. Crafted from maple with mortise-and-tenon joints, you can consider this style an heirloom in the making.

Spindle Solid Wood Windsor Back Side Chair
Want to make a bold move? Try this set of chairs finished in a shiny, electric shade of raspberry. They’re the perfect way to perk up a white tulip style table and can also work with blonde and mid-tone woods, too.

Busbar bending systems are produced to facilitate bending busbars for switch boards and switch gears manufacturers these systems are present in 4 types:

1-Manual busbar bending tools

2-Hydraulic busbar bending tools

3- Simple hydraulic busbar bending machines.

4-Professional busbar bending machines.

At Manual tools operator should bend busbar via hand force and it is suitable just for small size if busbars, it could bend busbars at normal axis and measurement is possible just with operator eyes . repeatability and accuracy depends on operator skills.

At hydraulic busbar bending machine and tool, We have some condition for accuracy and repeatability but operator needs low force for doing job. This type is suitable for sites or places that electricity is not available and for small jobs.

Simple hydraulic busbar bending machines are a good choice for small shops or factories that need bending busbar processing machine in normal axis away. Measurement of angles are by mechanical or digital angel indicators. Mostly they have “V” type head that cause two lines behind of busbar after bending they don’t calculate spring back and operator should consider and compensate this fault at bending process.

Professional busbar bending machines are suitable for Professional usurers.Bending head is powered with two routable plates to prevent any damage at surface of bus bar after bending. It has high technology angel measurement system that calculate spring back (spring back compensation system) and final bends adapt to desired angel with high accuracy. That’s why at, switch gears geowy we are faced to various types of bending requirements this machine should response to most of them.

Edge bending mold:

At switch gears some time designer needs to bend busbars from edge especially at electrical keys they need more space for connection’s and edge bending allow them to have enough space. Edge bending mold is a good solvation for this purpose and installable at professional busbar bending machines head. It should keep two main surface of busbar to prevent any bulge at surfaces.

Step Mold:

In some drawing designers need two closed bends in bus bar and it is not possible to do job with normal head, in these cases step mold bend two bending in one step and result is perfect.

Twist bending mold:

In some case direction of busbar machine connections are not in the same directions and mostly operators have to use several pieces of busbars. So by twist bending Mold it is possible to twist auto busbar processing machine up to go degree.

Mold for short legs bens:

This mold allow operator to bends too closed to end of busbars and busbar mold.

There’s no doubt that strollers make your everyday life as a parent easier. It’s a great way to add that extra bit of ease and convenience as you get used to being a new parent. Can you imagine having to carry your baby when running quick errands or trying to catch the bus?

Simply put, having a stroller readily available when you need to leave the home will help you save a great deal of time and add to not only your baby’s comfort but it will also be a great relief for you as well.

Of course, like buying any other product on the market, it’s important to consider a stroller that will be the right fit for your family. So if you are looking to buy a baby buggy stroller, here are four important reasons why they are a must-have.

Flexibility
In the midst of juggling life as a new parent you can easily forget that life does not stop when you have a child. There are places you would still like to go to or even take your little one to. A baby stroller gives you the flexibility to move around whether you’re taking a walk in the park or simply want to explore the outdoors.

In addition to that, a baby stroller also gives you flexibility when it comes to exercising and staying fit. In the first few weeks or months of your baby’s life, you’ll most likely be spending most of your time indoors. Being able to go for walks or even go for a run using a jogging stroller, which are specially designed for rugged surfaces and uneven terrain, can ensure you stay active .

Safety & Security
One of your main and daily concerns as a parent is to keep your baby safe especially when outside of the safety and comfort of your home. Having a stroller can give you that extra sense of security when visiting crowded places knowing that your baby is safely strapped and secure as all baby strollers come with a harnass to keep your baby in place.

Convenience
Carrying a newborn doesn’t seem like much of a job. However, there’s a catch! Baby’s grow fast. And as your little one grows bigger, they are also getting much heavier to carry. Having to carry your little one around all day, can easily cause sore arms and an aching back. A stroller provides that extra bit of convenience as it is a great way to give yourself some relief when needed.

Especially when your little one starts walking and wants to discover the world on their own, having a stroller at hand so that your little one can snooze after a long and busy day can be a lifesaver.

Storage
Leaving the home with a baby means that you’ll need to bring a lot of extra stuff: diapers, wipes, extra clothing, drinks and snacks. Luckily, strollers come with a decent amount of storage space in the basket below the stroller. You can also get useful umbrella buggy stroller accessories such as a cup holder or diaper bag to maximise your storage space if needed.

Conclusion

Strollers are one of those baby products that are a must-have as they provide a great deal of safety, comfort and convenience. That’s why buying a baby pram stroller is one of the most significant investments a parent can make.

Thinking about getting a baby stroller and a baby cot, but not sure which one would be the right fit for your family? We have a wide range of strollers with playpen and travel systems available that will suit your needs.

With so many packing materials and shipping containers available, why would wood be the best to use? There are a few reasons why wooden boxes and crates could be considered better than cardboard boxes-they are stronger, longer-lasting, and eco-friendly. Made of either lumber, plywood or engineered wood, these boxes and crates are an excellent way to transport any household item from one place to the next. This guide will explain the benefits of using wood boxes as an eco-friendly alternative to cardboard and plastic. Wood is a natural resource that is not only more environmentally conscious than man-made material but looks better as well. Read why using wood is the way to go when packing up and moving away.




You can stack wooden crates
Another benefit of wood boxes, and especially crates, is the ability to stack them high, creating space in small areas. Placing them one on top of the other utilizes more room in any part of the house. An added benefit of stacking crates rather than cardboard boxes, is not only the strength, but the easy view into the container. Being able to see what is in the crate saves a lot of time when searching for a particular item. Rather than searching through several taped boxes to locate something, you can simply look through the spaces between the wood to find what you are looking for.


WONDERFUL WAYS TO USE A SERVING TRAY AT HOME

No matter what you decide to do with a serving tray, one thing is for sure – serving platters are a great addition to your kitchen, dining space and even the bedroom.



LIVING ROOM SNACKS TRAY
Having evening tea in the living room with family and friends becomes even more special when you enjoy tasty snacks served in an eye-catching snacks tray. Our boat-shaped Sheesham wood handmade wooden tray with two ceramic bowls is a must-buy.

OUTDOOR WOODEN TRAY SET
Sometimes all you want to do is enjoy the pleasant weather, sipping tea and snacks from the comforts of your balcony or kitchen garden. Our Warli art Decorative Wooden tray set comes in handy here. Available in big and small sizes, the wooden trays with handles are just right for serving cups of tea/coffee, biscuits and tasty refreshments.

Cosmetic containers expand to a range of jars, bottles, pots, tubes, pens, compacts and liquid dispensing solutions. Each container offers a different design and solution; however, in the world of ‘cosmetic containers’, each product sits under the skincare, hair and beauty categories. This article will explore the different types of cosmetic containers available in the packaging industry. Raepak offers an extensive range of distinctive packaging products that enable us to explore innovations and keep an eye on exciting designs that are beneficial to the current market cycle.




Cosmetic Bottle Containers
Bottle containers can be produced as an airless recyclable container or a high-end luxury acrylic bottle. Acrylic foundation bottles look fantastic with a matching jar and can store nourishing body lotions or face creams. PP airless lotion bottles can also store creams and lotions. However, they are cheaper to produce and lighter in raw plastic material. Acrylic airless bottles are seen as a hybrid between both full acrylic and pp airless containers.

PP Airless Bottles – Recyclable – All products
ACRYLIC Bottles – Non-Recyclable – Luxury products
AIRLESS Acrylic Cosmetic Bottles – Non-Recyclable – Luxury products.

Cosmetic Pot Containers
Cosmetic containers in the form of pots can be funky, stylish, trendy or sophisticated. Small pots for cosmetic packaging tend to be perfect for eye serums, aromatherapy oils, lip balm, hand creams or hair products. Moreover, small plastic pots tend to be made with a wide range of different plastic types; PMMA/PETG/PP/AS & ABS. Using these plastic combinations helps with the shape and aesthetics of the final glass cream jar design.

Tube Containers
Cosmetic tube packaging containers come in different shapes, colours, materials and profiles. Cosmetic tubes, covered in a cosmetic bottle set, are manufactured from high-quality materials, including AS, ABS, PETG, and PCTG. Each item is designed to work with makeup for the beauty & cosmetics industry. Furthermore, cosmetic containers are manufactured to have an excellent quality finish and be competitively priced.

What can you use tube containers for?



Concealers
Foundations
Cream blushers
Highlighters
Primer applications
Glass perfume bottle

Recent research predicts that the mining automation market will be worth $3.29bn by 2023 — a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.7 per cent since 2017. While automation greatly enhances productivity, it also places additional demands on steel components. This article examines why wear resistant steels are vital to modern, enhanced production.




They also have work-hardening capabilities. Pure metals are rarely used in manufacturing because they are too soft. Instead, wear resistant steels contain the non-metallic elements carbon and nitrogen, the atoms of which fill the gaps between the steel’s iron atoms. This “distortion” makes it more difficult for the layers of the metal — or the lattice — to slide over each other. Wear resistant alloys are harder, less malleable and more ductile than pure metals, as a result.



Another Layer of Protection
Surface fatigue or micro-cracking are both mechanisms that affect ultra-hard materials and reduce the long-term performance of components. This is the case with Ground Engaging Tools (GETs) used in mining, construction or agriculture. GETs are often compromised because of wear caused by gouging, high-stress abrasion or impact, leading to loss of functionality or even failures.

These consequences can be avoided with an optimised steel coating — applying a tougher material onto base materials through nitriding, chromium depositing or welding. The coating can enhance a component’s hardness and toughness, protect from hard abrasives and better withstand compressive stresses.

Ultimately, the properties of wear resistant and bulletproof steels should link directly to customers’ needs. This applies to a steel’s compatibility to heat treatment facilities and melt shops, where wear resistant grades are through-hardened in a process known as quenching and tempering (Q&T). The steel’s grain structure is changed to increase toughness and improve formability, which makes the material less brittle.

As a growing number of mining projects strive for greater levels of productivity through automation, this knowledge will be vital to ensuring that wear resistant and high strength steels remain fundamental in withstanding the rigorous demands.

The Ultimate Guide to Nylon Jackets

    We know about several natural and synthetic fabrics. Finally, it’s time to know about Nylon, which falls under the category of synthetic fabric. DuPont was actually working to create something similar to silk in the 1930s but luckily made nylon which was commercialized in 1939.

    And you will be astonished to know, the first introduction of Nylon to the public was in the form of stockings. Though the scientist at DuPont also experimented with this fabric, it did not go well and resulted in few issues like uncomfortable, stiffness, and non-absorbing.

    Later, Nylon was used to make shirts, jackets, other clothing, and domestic items. In this day and age, numerous things made of Nylon can be found in almost every household.

    Different Nylon Jacket Mens Styles

    Apart from Bomber Jackets, there are several other styles of Padded Jackets made of Nylon.

    Track Nylon Jacket

    The smooth and firm Nylon track sportwears ensure the ease of movement alongside the athletic look. Besides that, knitted hem, sleeves, and high neck are perfectly tailored with finesse, considering the function of track jackets.

    Hooded Nylon Jacket

    The mesh lining in the hooded Nylon jacket gives rise to its breathability and lighter weight. Being waterproof and windproof, it’s the most appropriate outerwear to wear in winter. The oversized cut and front zip bring about extra comfort.

    Discover more amazing hooded jackets.

    Nylon Trucker Jacket

    You must have seen the famous trucker jacket-the classic denim style. But these days, Nylon is also used for trucker jackets giving a lustrous look and cool feel. Furthermore, the fine buttons, applique styling, boxy fit whip up the symmetry of a basic trucker jacket.

    Discover more amazing trucker jackets.

    Nylon Bomber Jacket

    The most popular Nylon Jacket is in Bomber Styles, loved by all men. Over time, a wide variety of different styles and designs have been introduced. However, mostly it comes in Nylon fabric with a defined neckline, front zip closure, ribbed hem, and cuffs.

    WHY AND WHEN TO WEAR A VEST FOR WARMTH

    When choosing layers for an activity in colder temperatures, people often overlook the value and benefits of a vest. A versatile addition to your cold weather wardrobe, vests can take the place of light- to mid-weight jackets in many situations, without sacrificing warmth.

    Protecting Your Core

    Light Weight Sleeveless Vests provide more warmth than most people realize, and even help keep your extremities warm. How is that possible? When your core temperature starts to drop, the body reduces blood flow to your extremities, increasing blood flow to the core in an attempt to protect your organs. By keeping your core insulated and warm, blood flow remains constant to your extremities, keeping them warmer. That is why often a long sleeve shirt with a good vest (and the right gloves, hats and pants) are enough to keep you warm when being active in cold temperatures.

    When a Vest Works Best

    This is by no means an exhaustive list, but vests tend to work best in milder temperatures or when you will be active in colder temperatures. Vests are great when hiking, bicycling, running, setting up camp or fly fishing. This is because these types of activities are vigorous enough to keep your body temperature up. A vest is perfect in such cases because they give your arms more freedom of movement and keep your core warm.

    When temperatures are much colder, Warm Sleeveless Vests serve as a great mid-layer between a long sleeved base layer and your outer jacket, and it also provides you with the most versatility. For example, if your activity isn’t as vigorous or physically demanding, such as ice fishing, bird watching or a casual hike, vests are a great way to stay warm as a mid layer. Plus, since they help keep your core warmer, you can always remove your outer jacket and just keep the vest on for a short time to cool off (or vice versa). Also, when camping, sleeping in a jacket can be uncomfortable and restrictive; a vest is a great addition to sleeping attire in a sleeping bag for added warmth without discomfort.

    This may come as a surprise, but not everyone loves summer. In fact, some of us (myself included) dread it, hate it and wish we could just go right to fall, and with good reason — summer is gross. And our hatred for summer is further compounded by the daily dilemma of what to wear. For some, the answer is as simple as shorts, but, and this might come as yet another surprise, not everyone loves shorts. Many don’t want to feel the breeze on their calves and instead prefer the full coverage only pants can provide. And in the event there’s some summer soiree to attend, shorts can feel a little too casual. That’s why you need a pair of lightweight pants for summer.

    As long as male elegance is in season, the well-tailored suit will always have a place in the stylish man’s wardrobe. However, like other symbols of masculine formality, the destiny of this long-established pillar of male decorum continues in flux. Much like the tuxedo with its promise of elevating the wearer to his most Hollywood handsome, the same can be said of the classic suit. When well cut and knowledgeably accessorized, the tailored jacket and matching trouser continue to frame a man through a prism of sartorial heritage.

    In terms of being able to offer a complete yet variable envelope for the male physique, the single-breasted, two-button jacket model has no peer. With shoulders designed to frame the head and broaden the shoulder line, an athletic V-shaped chest flowing down to a defined waistline, up-sweeping and elongating lapels that promote the illusion of height, tapering long sleeves that mirror the trimming line of the jacket, and pockets placed for function and form ….the properly proportioned tailored jacket will redress the uneven and counterbalance the unshapely like no other item of clothing. This may explain why it’s able to transcend fashion, place, time, and taste to offer men and women the ability to both flaunt and camouflage themselves.

    The classically cut Men's Suit will always offer a man a vision of himself that no other housing can. It’s hard to foresee a time when a man will not want to be reminded of his most debonair self. There’s a moment after putting on a fine suit appointed with the right finery when you turn to look in the mirror and flash back to a moment of discovery, like when you first saw Paris at night or had your first martini. And there’s a smidgen of self-congratulation, a feeling of praise.

    Unlike parkas, wool coats generally button-up, and have two to four small shallow pockets. Wool coats also have an oversized collar that is either worn up or folded down, creating a wide neck opening that is perfect for displaying your favorite winter scarf. A wool coat is an absolutely timeless piece of outerwear, adding a touch of style to any look. That is because wool coats can be dressed up or down to meet the needs of any occasion. They can also be worn in all three seasons. However, wool coats do very little to protect you from the elements since they often do not have hoods. They truly do very little to shield you from the frigid waters and icy winds of winter.

Women's Dresses

    Women's dresses had gone to great extremes in the 1920s, with very short hemlines and boyish styles. The change in dress styles in the 1930s was thus very dramatic, for the decade saw a return to femininity and distinct changes in cut and hemline. The depressed economic circumstances of the decade and later of the war years required simplicity in dress styles, but talented designers turned these constraints to their advantage, making slim-fitting but stylish dresses in a variety of styles.

    Perhaps the single biggest change in the 1930s was the lengthening of the hemline, which fell to mid-calf for day wear and to the floor for evening wear. Silk Dresses were tube-shaped and very sleek, fitting closely through the torso and lacking billows or pleats in the skirt. Dressmakers achieved a flowing look either by using newer fabrics like rayon or by cutting fabrics diagonal to the direction of the weave, called a bias cut. Waists in general were tucked in closely, and the waistline was often accented with a belt. Late in the 1930s the desire for a very small waist led to the reappearance of the corset, a confining undergarment that had gone out of style in the 1910s. Wartime dress restrictions soon put an end to this fashion revival, however, much to the pleasure of women who did not want to see the return of the uncomfortable corset.

    Several elements of 1930s and early 1940s dress styles are especially distinctive. The first was the treatment of the back and buttocks. Many dresses were made to reveal large portions of the back, with great Vs that reached nearly to the waist, meaning the top neckline of the dress plunged down to the waist in the back creating a V shape. Long Dresses were also fitted very closely across the buttocks, marking the first time in history the true shape of women's rears were made a focus of attention. These styles were particularly visible in evening wear.

    Women's sleepwear is also called nightdress, nightclothes, or nightwear. It is a clothing created for sleeping purposes. It is worn by women who really feel comfortable with it because some would rather prefer to sleep naked or only in a particular type of underwear. The type of nightwear being may also depend on the season. Take for instance; some women are wearing nightdresses only on winter. But now, using it is another way of following the latest trends in fashion. There are several types of women's sleepwear and each has specific features that will cater to the different preferences, styles, and needs of every woman. Take enough time in educating yourself with various styles and get inspiration from its different looks and appeal so that you can create your own fashion statement.

    - A Sleepwear Set which is really intended for women is a babydoll, popularly known as negligee or short nightgown. The garment is usually trimmed with ruffles, lace, appliques, ribbons, bows, and Marabou fur which can be designed optionally with spaghetti straps. The materials used are either translucent fabrics (silk, chiffon, or nylon) or sheer. A babydoll is considered a provocative dress resembling minidresses that have six inches hemline above the knees and hollow designs on the necks.

    - The most popular loosely designed night apparel for women is a nightgown or nightie which is made of materials such as nylon, satin, silk, and cotton. Its length may vary. It can either be a hip-length or a floor-length nightgown. However, the usual length is knee length. A nightgown can be decorated with embroidery and lace appliqus on the hemlines and cups.

    - The women's Knitted Sleepwear which is only intended for bedroom and night use is the negligee. It was introduced during the eighteenth century in France where it copied the designs of the day dresses of women at that time. However, the alteration of its designs with lace trimming, bows, and translucent bodices lead to considering it as lingerie. The modern designs revealed fabrics sewn in multiple layers giving a more fine emphasis on women's bed-capes and bedjackets.

    Once upon a time, your gender determined your fashion choices. For most of the last few hundred years in the Western world, women wore dresses and skirts, and men wore pants. Except for the Scots. Thankfully, fashion has evolved such that both men and women are now free to wear anything they please, although it’s still suggested to take fashion tips from personal stylists.

    There are a few gendered fashion trends that persist, however, and it is one that makes women’s dressing just a little more difficult than it needs to be: buttons! Buttons appear on different sides of a shirt or jacket depending on which gender it was designed for. Despite the fact that the vast majority of all humans are right-handed, only men's shirts have buttons on the right side. Women's Blouses And Shirts have buttons on the left side. Great for lefties, but an extra couple of minutes in the morning for everyone else.

    It seems particularly absurd given the relative similarity in the shape of men’s and women’s shirts. Sure, there might be a little extra tailoring to account for some generalized curves, but the humble button-up shirt is one of the more unisex items of clothing regularly worn by both sexes. A good shirt can even help you dress to look younger.

    Silk is natural Apparel Fabrics known for its luster, shine, strength, and durability, and it has a long trading history across the world. Silk is the epitome of luxury due to its high cost to produce, soft feel, and elegant appearance, and it is thus a popular textile in high-end and couture fashion design.

    Silk is a natural fiber produced by insects as a material for their nests and cocoons. There are several types of insects that produce Silk Woven Fabric, including silkworms (the most common type of silk), beetles, honey bees, bumble bees, hornets, weaver ants, and many more. Made primarily of a protein called fibroin, silk is known for its shine and softness as a material.

    The history of silk roots in China, where the production of the textile was kept as a secret for over 2,000 years. The origins of silk dates back to the Chinese neolithic era as the oldest silk example found has been dated to 3630 BC.

    Today, the main countries involved in the production of silk are China, India, Uzbekistan, Brazil, Japan, Thailand, Vietnam and Iran. Despite the small market share of silk in the Global Textile Market (around 0.2%), the production is spread around 60 countries all over the world.

    China is the world’s biggest producer and main global supplier of silk, followed by India. The silk production process is called Sericulture. It begins with the cultivation of silkworms which, despite their name, aren't actually worms but larvae that would turn into moths.

Does farrowing crate size impact piglet survival?

    Reminiscing back to my familys 50-head pure-line sow herd in the 1980s, I recall we on occasion had a sow that barely fit into the farrowing Pig Crate. I can remember a particularly large Landrace sow, as wide and as long as the crate, that appeared quite uncomfortable. She ended up laying on multiple piglets.

    I'm sure some of you may share a similar story. Now fast forward to 2020. One would think we would have the optimal farrowing crate size figured out. Yet I am not sure we do. There are around one million farrowing crates in the United States, and Tube Farrowing Crates are a sizable capital expense. Yet studying differences between farrowing crates can be challenging.

    When evaluating different farrowing crates, generally each design or size should be represented within the same room. To further complicate things, research for piglet survival requires hundreds of replicates per treatment to achieve adequate statistical power.

    Farrowing crate width

    Farrowing crate width has not been shown to greatly impact piglet survival in large commercial studies. Ketchem and Rix (2013) evaluated three farrowing crate types where the sowing area was similar in length, yet some differences existed in width. In general, Solid Rod Farrowing Stalls width of 17 and 20 inches did not appear to greatly impact piglet survival. Keeping the sowing area the same, Vande Pol (2017) evaluated farrowing crate width using over 1,600 litters. The author reported no statistical differences for preweaning mortality between farrowing crate widths of 60 and 66 inches (15.2% vs. 14.6%, respectively).

    Farrowing crate length

    There is anecdotal evidence that farrowing crate length impacts piglet survival, perhaps more so for longer, heavier sows. We recently analyzed data from a commercial sow farm in eastern North Carolina with which we collaborate. The farm expanded in size over time and has three different Solid Rod Gestation Stalls sizes.

    Do longer sows wean fewer piglets?

    While interactions between farrowing crate length with sow length and sow weight remain to be validated, evidence of sows being too long comes from a 2009 Pork Checkoff study. The study scored gilts for body length 1 (short) to 9 (long) at the selection and followed the gilts through multiple parties. Gilts that were longer at selection subsequently had reduced piglet survival as sows.

    How do I keep my sows from becoming too big for my farrowing crates? There are multiple strategies that can be utilized to prevent large sows. Please refer to past articles addressing strategies to reduce sow size through genetics, managing gilt weight at breeding and body condition management.

    Going forward

    Perhaps the data presented in this article suggest more research is needed to determine optimal farrowing crate size in relation to reproductive throughput.

    Mother pigs have an instinct to love, protect, and nurture their newborn babies, just like humans do. However, the meat industry doesn’t see female pigs as mothers with the capacity to love. Instead, they treat mother female pigs, known as sows, like breeding machines. Pork producers keep their sows in tight Tube Gestation Crates throughout their lives, artificially impregnate them over and over, and take away their piglets at just a few weeks old. To keep up with the demand for pig flesh, female pigs must be forced to continually pump out piglets. Sows, as these mothers are called, are among the most abused animals on the planet thanks to the conditions in which they are kept.