The United States leads the world in COVID-19 deaths but lags behind many countries — both large and small — in testing capacity. That could soon change.

At the end of August, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted emergency-use approval to a new credit-card-sized testing device for the coronavirus that costs US$5, gives results in 15 minutes and doesn’t require a laboratory or a machine for processing. The United States is spending $760 million on 150 million of these tests from health-care company Abbott Laboratories, headquartered in Abbott Park, Illinois, which plans to ramp up production to 50 million per month in October.

The tests detect specific proteins — known as antigens — on the surface of the virus, and can identify people who are at the peak of infection, when virus levels in the body are likely to be high. Proponents argue that this could be a game changer. Antigen tests could help to keep the pandemic at bay, because they can be rolled out in vast numbers and can spot those who are at greatest risk of spreading the disease. These tests are also a key element in the testing strategies of other countries, such as India and Italy.

Antigen assays are much faster and cheaper than the gold-standard tests that detect viral RNA using a technique called the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). But antigen tests aren’t as sensitive as the PCR versions, which can pick up minuscule amounts of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19.

This difference raises some concerns among specialists, who worry that covid-19 antigen tests will miss infectious people and result in outbreaks in countries that have largely controlled coronavirus transmission. Others view the lower sensitivity as an attribute, because some people who receive positive PCR test results are infected, but are no longer able to spread the virus to others. So antigen tests could shift the focus to identifying the most infectious people.

At present, antigen tests are administered by trained professionals, but some companies are developing versions that are simple enough to be used at home — similar to pregnancy tests.

“Making the tests faster, cheaper, easier is definitely the goal — and I think the antigen test is the way to get there,” says Martin Burke, a chemist at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, who is co-developing rapid tests, including antigen-based assays. “This is by no means the perfect solution, it’s just the fastest thing we could get going now,” he says.

What tests are there and how do they work?
Tests for COVID-19 fall into two categories: diagnostic tests such as PCR and antigen assays, which detect parts of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and covid-19 antibody tests that sense molecules that people produce when they have been infected by the virus. Antibodies can take several days to develop after an infection and often stay in the blood for weeks after recovery, so covid-19 neutralising antibody tests have limited use in diagnosis (see ‘Catching COVID-19’).

The high-sensitivity PCR tests are almost 100% accurate in spotting infected people, when they are administered properly. But such tests generally require trained personnel, specific reagents and expensive machines that take hours to provide results.

Countries such as South Korea and New Zealand have succeeded in boosting PCR-based testing, but scaling up these tests has proved difficult elsewhere. The United States, for example, has seen a slow and poorly coordinated response to outbreaks, faulty tests from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and problems with the supply chain. All of this has hindered efforts to collect and process samples for PCR, pushing waiting times to days or even weeks. These delays, along with a lack of tests, have contributed to the rampant spread of COVID-19 across the country, which by 16 September had seen almost 200,000 deaths from the disease.

A typical antigen test starts with a health-care professional swabbing the back of a person’s nose or throat — although companies are developing kits that use saliva samples, which are easier and safer to collect than a swab. The sample is then mixed with a solution that breaks the virus open and frees specific viral proteins. The mix is added to a paper strip that contains an antibody tailored to bind to these proteins, if they’re present in the solution. A positive test result can be detected either as a fluorescent glow or as a dark band on the paper strip.

Antigen tests give results in less than 30 minutes, don’t have to be processed in a lab and are cheap to produce. Yet that speed comes with a cost in sensitivity. Whereas a typical PCR test can detect a single molecule of RNA in a microlitre of solution, antigen tests need a sample to contain thousands — probably tens of thousands — of virus particles per microlitre to produce a positive result1. So, if a person has low amounts of virus in their body, the test might give a false-negative result.

When used on people who were positive for SARS-CoV-2 in a standard PCR test, Abbott’s antigen assay correctly spotted the virus in 95–100% of cases if the samples were collected within a week of the onset of symptoms. But that proportion dropped to 75% if samples were taken more than a week after people first showed symptoms. The sensitivity — or the rate of detecting infections correctly — of the other antigen tests used in the United States is between 84% and 98% if a person is tested in the week after showing symptoms.

Companies and academic research labs are also rolling out other tests that are faster, cheaper and more user-friendly than standard PCR assays, although they are not being produced on the same scale as antigen tests. Some of these other tests use the gene-editing tool CRISPR to zero in on genetic snippets of the coronavirus. Others are quicker variants of the PCR test that use different reagents, meaning they’re not limited by the same supply-chain problems. Saliva-based PCR tests, for example, are being used as screening tools in universities and for professional basketball teams.

Which tests tell whether someone is infectious?
Although the PCR method can test whether someone is infectious, it also detects people who have the virus but are not likely to spread it.

Antigen-based testing, by contrast, could help to rapidly identify people who have high levels of virus — those who are most likely to be infectious to others — and isolate them from the community, says Marion Koopmans, a virologist at the Erasmus University Medical Centre in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. “The question is, what is the safe limit? Because the moment you get that wrong, the whole idea implodes,” she says. It’s still unclear what viral load is the threshold below which a person is no longer contagious, says Koopmans, who is working with the World Health Organization (WHO) to determine a standard to validate rapid tests. “It would be very worrying if everyone does that on their own, using different criteria,” she says.

Viral load peaks early in SARS-CoV-2 infections and then gradually declines, with tiny amounts of virus RNA staying in someone’s nose or throat for weeks or possibly months2. And although there are not enough data to equate different viral levels with how infectious people are, there is evidence that individuals are unlikely to spread the virus about eight to ten days after showing symptoms3.

“If you’re at risk of transmitting the virus to somebody else, you’re going to have plenty of viral particles — those would certainly show up in antigen tests,” says Michael Mina, an infectious-disease immunologist at the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health in Boston, Massachusetts, who has been a vocal proponent of antigen tests.

There are challenges at the start of the infection, when people have low levels of the virus. The answer, says Mina, is frequent testing — done multiple times per week. This could quickly identify infected people, even if the assays are less sensitive than a PCR-based test, because the amount of virus in their noses and throats rises within hours, he says.

Mina and his colleagues have used statistical models to assess this strategy. In a preprint updated on 8 September, they suggest that testing people twice a week with a relatively insensitive test could be more effective at curbing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 than are more-accurate tests done once every two weeks1. Another study that modelled different scenarios for safely reopening university campuses reported similar findings4. There are also fertility tests.

To slow outbreaks, the focus should be on identifying those who are at risk of spreading SARS-CoV-2 to other people, rather than on spotting anyone who is infected with it, some experts say.

When used as a screening tool to frequently assess as many people as possible, rapid antigen tests could be “a game changer”, says Rebecca Lee Smith, an epidemiologist at the University of Illinois.

Shopping for a new mattress can be a confusing process. With hundreds of beds to choose from across dozens of categories, it can start to feel overwhelming. Fortunately, you can narrow down your search easily by focusing on one big question: Do you want a foam or an innerspring mattress?

We’ll focus on the differences between foam versus spring mattresses. By learning more about these two categories, you can become better informed when it comes to choosing the right mattress for your needs.

What’s the difference between a memory foam vs spring mattress, or pocket spring mattress? It all comes down to the materials used and the style of construction. The details of each style are discussed in later sections.

Which is better? There’s no definitive answer to that question.

Of the two mattress types, innerspring beds are the older and more “traditional” option. Some may think of them as old-fashioned, but there are plenty of high quality, comfortable, and modern spring mattresses available.

Foam mattresses are a newer concept, but exceptionally popular. While memory foam was originally invented in the 1960s, the foams used today are far more advanced. Manufacturers now create specialty foams designed for specific applications – cooling, support, pressure relief – and combine them to develop well-rounded mattresses.

When comparing foam vs spring mattresses, there’s no clear “best” or “worst” option. There are simply too many variables to consider to make a generalized claim that one is better than the other.

Rather, it is better to frame the question as a matter of which one is the better choice for you and your needs. Each type of mattress tends to perform better in certain ways, making them generally better suited to the needs of different kinds of sleepers. There is also plenty of variation in performance among models of the same type, making it important to investigate how a roll up mattress is constructed.

What is a Foam Mattress?
Foam mattresses are all-foam beds that are exceptionally popular for online mattress shoppers. They can be made out of a variety of foam materials, from memory foam to polyfoam, and typically contain several unique layers. Foam beds can be soft or firm, budget or luxury, so there is a huge amount of variety within this category.

Foam beds utilize a variety of materials to provide support and pressure relief. There are many types of foams, and often manufacturers will utilize several materials in each mattress.

Types of Foam
Polyurethane (Poly) Foam – Foam made from polyurethane, commonly referred to as simply “polyfoam,” is a very common ingredient in modern foam beds. Polyfoam is known to be much more bouncy and springy than materials like memory foam. Polyfoam is popular for use as a layer in modern all-foam mattresses, as well as for the top comfort layer in spring beds.

Regular polyfoam is a standard, relatively soft foam used primarily in transition layers.
High-density polyfoam is firmer and often used in underlying support layers.
High-resiliency polyfoam is firmer and more supportive, but significantly more expensive, so its use is less common.
Memory Foam – Memory foam is another very commonly used foam material. It’s made from similar polyurethane materials, with added ingredients to increase its density and viscosity. Memory foam is great for pressure relief, as it contours to the shape of the body. The term “memory” in memory foam refers to the material’s tendency to retain the shape of the body for a few seconds after being indented.

Standard memory foam is the traditional material that’s soft yet supportive, and generally affordable.
Open-cell memory foam is designed with openings in the tiny cells of foam, allowing for better airflow. This material feels a bit softer, and it will sleep cooler on warm nights.
Gel memory foam has tiny gel beads embedded into the memory foam material. The gel, combined with the open-cell design, helps to improve cooling and airflow.
Latex Foam – Latex is a natural rubber-like material that can be used to make a durable and bouncy foam. Latex mattresses are typically considered a category of their own, but some manufacturers also use a thin layer of latex in all-foam beds. Latex is often prized for its durability and environmental friendliness, although it is generally much more expensive than traditional polyurethane-based foams.

Dunlop latex is made using a more traditional, simple process, and results in a somewhat firmer feel.
Talalay latex foam is a more energy-intensive process that produces latex with a bouncier, yet softer feel.
Remember that most mattress manufacturers use a mix of different foam materials to create a well-balanced and comfortable bed. Typically you will see foam mattresses constructed of 2-5 layers, each with varying materials, densities, and intended purposes. When it comes to budget mattresses, you may see single-layer polyfoam beds – but otherwise, expect a blend of foam layers in most modern mattresses.

What is a Spring Mattress?
Spring mattresses, also called innerspring mattresses, are beds that utilize dozens to hundreds of metal springs to provide an underlying support layer. They also have softer plush material layers to increase comfort. Some find that spring hybrid mattresses feel more supportive than foam, at least initially. This is particularly true for heavier people, who may benefit more from the coiled spring support systems than a foam base.

Several factors can influence how a spring bed feels. Coil count is an important factor; most quality beds will have around 400 coils or more in a queen size mattress. However, keep in mind that a higher coil count does not necessarily equal a higher quality bed, as there are many factors at play.

Spring beds will also often have foam layers surrounding the coils, as well as a plush or polyfoam comfort layer on top. The quality, material, and thickness of these layers can greatly influence the comfort and feel of the mattress.

Coil gauge, referring to the thickness of the wire used, influences the firmness of the bed. Manufacturers will clearly list the intended firmness of each mattress model, so checking the coil gauge is not too important for consumers.

Lastly, the various types of springs used in these mattresses will impact their comfort and support ratings.

Types of Springs/Coils
Bonnell Coils – Bonnell coils are the original design used in the first innerspring mattresses, and some manufacturers still use them today. They are hourglass-shaped and can be made to be either soft or firm depending on the wire gauge. Bonnell coils are simple and cost-effective, so many mattresses utilize them.

Pocket Coils – Also called pocketed coils, this design features metal coils that are individually wrapped in fabric sleeves. This allows each coil to move independently from one another, which has the added effect of reducing noise. Pocketed coils are often used in higher-end beds, and are generally more expensive to make. They do a great job of providing targeted pressure relief, and tend to provide a more buoyant feel overall.

Offset Coils – Offset coils share some properties of pocket coils, but they are joined together with hinged wires. This allows the coils to flex under soft pressure, but provide firm support when it’s needed. Offset coils can provide more firmness than pocketed coils, so many innerspring beds with higher firmness ratings over 7 out of 10 will use some form of offset coil. Beyond this application, offset coils are not commonly used.

Continuous Coils – Continuous coil design features a single wire that is used to construct an entire row of “coils”. Each of these rows is then attached to each other using helical wires. This design provides a very firm support system, but because each component is joined together, continuous coils have much less ability to shape themselves to a body profile.

Which is Better for You?
Ultimately, choosing the right bed for you involves a lot more than just picking between foam and spring. There are high quality, comfortable and supportive mattresses of both types available – so in the end, it’s more about picking the right mattress model.

With that said, there are a few last things to consider.

Most people will be happy with a high-quality foam mattress. Foam provides a great middle-ground by offering a supportive and pressure-relieving fit, while also feeling soft and comfortable. Side sleepers, in particular, tend to prefer foam beds, as they often do a better job of conforming to the shape of the body.

People who tend to sleep hot at night may wish to opt for a spring mattress. Innerspring beds offer far better airflow, which helps to keep the bed cool at night.

Sleepers who are heavy or sleep on their stomachs should opt for either innerspring, hybrid, or very firm foam beds, in order to get enough support. Softer foam models will likely sink too much to feel comfortable for these sleepers.

Most online mattress retailers now offer free trial periods, where you can test the bed for up to several months. If you’re unsure about a roll up innerspring mattress, this flexibility may provide a little reassurance during the purchase process.

There are many types of filling and sealing machines used to package the variety of products in today's marketplace including liquids, pastes, chunky products, powders, granules, tablets, capsules, etc. Most filling machines are available from semi-automatic tabletop versions all the way up to high speed production line machines, including rotary fillers. Even within categories of filling machines there are often many choices available, so we always encourage you to call or email us to make sure you are buying the exactly correct machine for your application(s). This article mainly introduces the types of liquid filling machines.

There are usually different filling types according to different filling standards.

According to the degree of automation, the types of filling machines are: manual filling machines, semi-automatic filling machines, and fully automatic filling machines.

Manual Filling Machines
These are manually operated and will need no power or electrical source. They are generally used for packing highly viscous liquids like creams, gels, and shampoos but will also suffice for medium viscosity liquids. Manual filling machines are ideal for small scale productions or laboratories where they will provide a higher output speed and increased accuracy than when the liquids are poured by hand. They are ideally used for filling vial and bottles with about 600ml capacities and have a production speed of 15-900 bottles/hour. This type of machine is not produced by NPACK.

Semi-Automatic Filling Machines
These will be faster compared to manual machines and will suit medium and small scale production processes during a high-volume season. Semi-automatic machines are designed with nozzle, syringe and piston parts which guarantee they maintain a zero-drip operation. They can be used to package all types of liquids and those containing small food articles and even adhesives. Semi-automatic machines have filling ranges of 5-100ml and production speeds of 800 fills/hour.

Fully Automated Filling Machines
These are used for large-scale operations and in companies with high production needs. Automated filling machines are generally used with variable speed conveyor systems and for packaging, liquids with all levels of viscosity and those with suspended particles. Some manufacturers also configure their automated machines based on the type and volume of the filling container you are using for your product. You can also add filling heads on the machines to boost your company’s production rates. Automated cup filling and sealing machines can fill 5-10ml of a product and generate 6000 bottles/hour. We mainly produce this type of machine.

According to the filling principle, All liquid filling systems fall into either of two categories: volumetric or liquid level filling machines.

Volumetric Filling Machine vs. Liquid-Level Filling Equipment
There are very few bottles that don't have some small differences in volume. Considering that fact is very important in deciding the type of filling system you are going to use for your packaging. You've probably noticed at the supermarket or auto store that when you look at fill level, some of the bottles seem to look like they are short fills compared to others. Chances are they were filled with volumetric filling machinery. The volume inside the bottle is correct, but because of the small volumetric difference between the bottles it appears to be short.

With a liquid level filling machine all of the bottles will "appear" to have the same volume because the fill level will be the same, but in actuality there will be slight differences in fill volume, no short fills, but some slight overfills.

And so this is the decision you have to make beforehand: Volumetric or Liquid Level? For the vast majority of products the answer will be liquid level filling since it is cheaper and faster than volumetric filling, plus consumers of the product will not feel cheated when the bottles "appear" to be evenly filled. However volumetric filling is the best solution if the product has to have an exact dosage for it's use or if the product is very expensive per ounce and the little bit of giveaway could cost you dearly, especially in a high production environment.

Liquid Level Filling Machines
Siphon Filling Machinery
The simplest and probably one of the oldest technologies devised by man was the siphon principle. In this case we are talking about the siphon filling machinewith tray sealer. Gravity flow into the tank to a valve that keeps the liquid level even, put some gooseneck valves up and over the tank side and back below the liquid level of the tank, start a siphon and voila, you've got a siphon filler. Add to that a little extra framing, and an adjustable bottle rest so you can set the fill level to the level of the tank and we now have a complete filling system that will never overfill a bottle, with no need for pumps etc. Our siphon filler comes with 5 heads (size is selectable) and can produce quite a bit more than many think possible.

Overflow Filling Equipment
In order to speed up the process of filling we have the pressure filling machine. Pressure fillers have a tank on the back of the machine with a valve to keep the tank full either by a simple float valve or by switching a pump on and off. The tank flood feeds a pump which then feeds to a manifold where a number of special overflow filling heads lower down into the bottle as the pump switches on forcing liquid into the bottles at a speedy rate. As the bottle fills to the top, and excess liquid goes back up a second port within the filling head and overflows back into the tank. At that point the pump switches off and any remaining excess liquid and pressure is relieved. Heads come up, bottles index out and repeat the process. Pressure filling machinery can be configured for semi-automatic, automatic in-line filling systems or as rotary pressure fillers for higher speeds.

Volumetric Filling Machines
Check Valve Piston Filler
Check valve piston filling machines use a check valve system that opens and closes on the infeed stroke and discharge stroke. A great feature of this type of filling equipment with can seamer is that it can self prime to draw product directly from a drum or pail and then discharge into your container. Typical accuracy on a piston filler is plus or minus one-half percent. However check valve piston fillers do have certain limitations in that they cannot run viscous products or products with particulates as both can foul the valves. But if your products are free flowing (meaning they pour relatively easily) this is a great machine for startups and large producers as well.

Rotary Valve Piston Filling Machine
Rotary valve piston fillers are distinguished by the rotary valve which has a large throat opening to allow thick products and products with large particulates (up to 1/2" diameter) from the supply hopper to flow through unimpeded. Great as a tabletop model or can be ganged for higher production requirements. Fill pastes, peanut butter, gear oil, potato salads, Italian dressing and much more on this type of piston filler with accuracy of plus or minus one-half percent. Fills accurately at a ten to one ratio of the cylinder set.

Pump Filling Machines
Pump fillers are another method of filling products ranging from liquids to thick pastes, even those with solid particulates (although generally much smaller than on a Rotary Valve Piston Filler). Available as tabletop models through multi-head ganged automatic machines. Another advantage of using positive displacement pump filling equipment is that the range of fill volumes is much greater than on a piston filler, albeit that the fill times increase significantly the larger the fill volume required. Other great features of a pump filling machine include easy fill adjustment by entering the amount needed, and a self priming feature similar to a check valve piston filler's ability to draw product directly from a drum or other container. For thicker products a supply hopper can be added similar to a rotary valve piston filler so that product flood feeds directly into the pump. Fill volumes are determined by counting revolutions (and partial revolutions) of the pump. There is also manual can seamer to use.

Peristaltic Pump Filling Machinery
Peristaltic pump filling machines are very popular in the pharmaceutical and hazardous chemical industries because product does not have any external environment exposure since the hose goes directly from the product supply, through the pump (as opposed to into the pump), and to the dispense point. When the product run is complete the hose can be disposed of, or treated for reuse. Furthermore with some pumps extreme accuracy is possible down to the 1 ul (microliter) level.

Timed Fill Gravity Systems
Timed flow fillers are another type of filling equipment on the market. This type of filler works on the principle of a tank mounted above filling heads that have solenoid valves to open and close for the flow, or in some cases pinching of the hose to close. Fill volume is determined by timers that open and close the valves or pinch the tubes. Single head models can work pretty well for a variety of products. Even multi-head models can work pretty well once the system is balanced if only one formulation is run or the flow characteristics are identical. However the big disadvantage of timed fill systems is when the user wishes to fill a variety of products with different flow characteristics. In this case the system needs to be rebalanced which is not an easy task as every adjustment of for one head's flow affects all of the others. Busch Machinery does not offer timed fill systems for this reason, as other machinery that we offer can offer the same or better accuracy, at about the same cost, and without the hassle associated with timed fill systems.

Net weight filling machines
Net weight filling machines use a weigh scale platform to monitor the weight of product as it is filling into a bottle or container. Net weight fillers are well suited for large container filling applications. This machine is used for weighing and filling 5-30kg liquid. Use photoelectric sensing, proximity switch and other sensing elements, so that it can be fully automated production. Using the submersible filling, filling valve diameter, fast feeding, valve mouth built-in plug, no drip leakage. Can do bottle filling, no bottle not filling. Stable operation, safe and hygienic.

Servo Driven Pump Fillers:
With the cost of servo drive controls coming way down over the last 10 years more and more uses for filling have come into play. Gear pump fillers is one type of application that has become very popular, although you must be sure that the pumps are sanitary pumps if you do foods, cosmetics or pharmaceuticals. The advantage of the gear pump is that you can fill almost any size product without need for change parts (although this still has limitations). At NPACK we still think the jury is out on this, as piston fillers can still fill with as good or better accuracy, although with not quite as large a range..

Pressure Fillers:
Pressure filling machines, or automatic can sealing machine, have their tanks below the bottom of the bottle. The tank flood feeds a pump (generally a centrifugal pump but also positive displacement pumps for thicker liquids) which then flows directly into the bottle until it reaches the fill level at which point excess product flow directly back into the tank. When filling plastic bottles the pump must be turned off (always for positive displacement pumps) before removing the filling tubes to allow the bottles to return to normal size (they swell under pressure) and drain off excess liquid. The big advantage of pressure fillers is that bottles fill more quickly so fewer heads (and space) are required and higher viscosity products can be filled. The disadvantage is that foamy products must be filled at slower pump speeds than normal, and this will work only if the foam settles out fairly quickly.

Counter Pressure Fillers:
These are liquid filling machines with labeling machine, or label sticking machine, unique to the carbonated beverage industry which includes beer, soda and any sparkling beverage or wine. NPACK does not sell counter pressure fillers, but we will still explain this complicated type of filler. The heads for this type of filling consist of 3 parts: Vent, CO2 pressurizer and fill tube. The head seals and the Vent and CO2 pressure valves are opened. The air in the bottle is forced out of the bottle and is replaced with the heavier CO2. The vent is then stoppered down and product from very specialized heads forces the chilled carbonated liquid down the sides of the container in a sort of swirl pattern to minimize foaming. Once the fill height is reached the vent completely closes at the same time the product is cutoff. Many people mistakenly think that the CO2 counter pressure is the carbonating process, but carbonizing is a bit more complicated than that. The purpose of the CO2 is to keep the already existing carbonized beverage in solution and to minimize foaming.

High shear emulsifying machinef is our new product with advanced technology from home and abroad, which strictly complies with the GMP requirement. It is widely used for mixing, dispersing, shearing and homogenizing all kinds of viscous liquid and pastes in wide applied range, food, beverage, cosmetic, chemistry, biochemistry, petrochemical, pigment, dye, dope and pharmacy fields. WRL emulsifying mixer is structured with small size and light weight. Its features of little noise and high efficiency obtain wide acceptance and affection.

It operates with simple working principle that distribute the liquid from one phase or several phases to another continue phases. Generally, the phases can not dissolvable with each other. With the help of advanced techniques and proper additives, high tangent speed and strong kinetic energy generated by high speed rotary rotor and mechanical effects can lead to instant, equally, subtly and dispersed emulsification of solid phase, liquid phase and gas phase. After high frequency reciprocating circulation you will get high quality steady mixing product.

It is used in a wide range of industrial application: 

Food industry: chili sauce, gingili, fruit tea, ice cream, butter, jam, soy, miso, red bean paste, peanut milk, protein milk, soymilk, dairy product, malted milk, essence, condiment and all kinds of food and beverage etc.

Chemistry industry: oil paint, pigment, dye, dope, lube, diesel oil, Oil catalyst, asphalt Emulsion, modified asphalt, paraffin, Adhesive, scour, plastic, detonator, FRP,  Synthetic Leather, colophony, leather and Emulsion explosives.

Daily Chemical Industry: toothpaste, scour, cream, lipstick, facial, shampoo, shoeshine, cosmetic, shower concentrate, soap, Coagulant and flavor

Medical industry: sirup, Nutrient Solution, Chinese medicines, Pharmacy paste, Biological agents, Cod liver oil, pollen, Placenta, bacterin, ointment, liquid, Fungicides, injection, Antibiotics, Micro encapsulation and Intravenous fluid.

Construction industry: all kinds of dope including Internal and external wall dope, antisepsis and waterproof dope, Cold porcelain dope, colorful dope, Ceramic Glaze, nano dope and spraying.

Paper making industry: paper pulp, Adhesive, Rosin Emulsion, Paper Additives and Resin Emulsion.

Pesticide industry: antiseptic, herbicide, Pesticide EC, Fertilizer, biochemical pesticide and biological pesticide.

Other industries: spin industry, Coal flotation agent, rare earth, nanomaterial Scattered depolymerization, reaction, extraction and war industry.

Emulsifier, in foods, any of numerous chemical additives that encourage the suspension of one liquid in another, as in the mixture of oil and water in margarine, shortening, ice cream, and salad dressing. A number of emulsifiers are derived from algae, among them algin, carrageenan, and agar. Lecithins, such as those found in egg yolk, are also used as emulsifying agents.

The basic structure of an emulsifying agent includes a hydrophobic portion, usually a long-chain fatty acid, and a hydrophilic portion that may be either charged or uncharged. The hydrophobic portion of the emulsifier dissolves in the oil phase, and the hydrophilic portion dissolves in the aqueous phase, forming a dispersion of small oil droplets. Emulsifiers thus form and stabilize oil-in-water emulsions (e.g., mayonnaise), uniformly disperse oil-soluble flavour compounds throughout a product, prevent large ice-crystal formation in frozen products (e.g., ice cream), and improve the volume, uniformity, and fineness of baked products.

High Speed Emulsifiers are closely related to stabilizers, which are substances that maintain the emulsified state. The consistency of food products may also be improved by the addition of thickeners, used to add body to sauces and other liquids, and texturizers. These various additives serve a dual purpose: they make food more appetizing by improving appearance and consistency, and they augment its keeping qualities (i.e., extend shelf life).

Emulsifiers, stabilizers, and related compounds are also used in the preparation of cosmetics, lotions, and certain pharmaceuticals, where they serve much the same purpose as in foods—i.e., they prevent separation of ingredients and extend storage life.

Homogenizers function as mixers that reduce particle size or force immiscible liquids to mix. Pressure imparted on a product by the high shear homogenizer is largely determined by pump pressure or flow diversion through valves and nozzles. In the case of low-pressure homogenizers, fluid velocity is incremented which reduces overall pressure. In addition to the valve homogenizers commonly used in the dairy industry, a number of emulsifying and homogenizing systems that employ different operating principles are available. High-shear blenders and mixers find wide application in the dairy and related industries for the preparation of coarse pre-emulsions. Colloid mills, which operate on the rotor–stator principle, are used for mixing homogenizing medium- and high-viscosity systems, for instance in the preparation of caseins and caseinates. Ultrasonic waves can be used for either preparing emulsions or reducing the size of existing emulsions. For preparing emulsions with extremely small fat globules and very narrow size distributions, microfluidization can be used, where fluid streams are forced to collide at high pressure. Emulsions with extremely monodisperse size distributions can also be prepared by membrane emulsification. Principles and potential applications of so-called low pressure homogenization technologies are outlined in this article.

Behind the March air jordan 1 mid blue Madness event is the March Madness Betting. It is considered as one of the largest event that gets higher number of bets every year. It is a large industry that involves millions of people. Most of these bettors are students, local residents and people who are supporting their state Universities and Colleges. There are also casual bettors who make bets just for fun and of course, there are also professional bettors who love betting on this wonderful event. Eventually, there are varieties.

of betting schemes available for you, and these schemes are usually being offer from a lot of casinos, online betting sites and pages. It is necessary for a bettor to choose the best betting game that would be suitable for you.March Madness Betting is quite difficult nike air jordan 1 blue when it comes to predicting the result of the game. Most of the time, injuries, ejections and other unforeseen events occur which would reduce the chances of a person to win. A bettor should need to carefully research and evaluate the teams participating air jordan 1 low blue in games.

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with USA being the winners of the championship. The tournament started with 2 groups, Group A and Group B with 4 teams each. These consisted of Brazil, Argentina, Chile and Mexico in Group A and USA, Cuba, Canada and Jamaica in Group B. The final was held on 30 September between USA and Cuba, at the Antonio Azurmendi Coliseum, Valdivia, with USA beating Cuba by 101-71, winning the 2007 basketball championship for FIBA Americas Championship for Women.The final standings for the event in order were USA at Rank 1.

2009 will bring another exciting round of this exciting event where some of the top teams will be seen competing for this title to participate in the upcoming Olympics next year.2008 Olympic basketball results for Women?s basketball were Unites States as gold medalists, Australia as Silver medalists, Russia as Bronze medallists and China at the fourth place.View all basketball livescores with the click of your mouse.Playing air jordan 1 light blue basketball is a motion intense exercise, so during the playing, it asks a highly requirement in its start.

The following part is respectively from the protection, wear resistance, cushioning, comfort and other aspects to make a brief look at the experience to buy basketball shoes.First, Protection: Also we had mentioned before that basketball is a relatively intense exercise, the quality of protective would be the most important factors. The using of the carbon plate and TPU, can increase the ability to the shoes stability and its support. Velcro can make the protective effects to the higher upper right ankle part.

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Steel Pipes
Steel pipes are the most commonly used pipes in water supply systems. They are also used in pipelines for natural gas, and sewerage systems. Although comparatively expensive to other pipes, they hold the advantage of being able to withstand high pressures and are available in more convenient lengths, and can also be welded easily, thereby resulting in lower installation and transportation costs. These types of pipes are highly efficient and can be used in small diameters as needed and are 100% recyclable compared to other materials. The pipes can further be melted down and turned into other usable material in industry. Furthermore, the high strength of these pipes and resistance to damage caused by human errors, tree roots, and extreme weather conditions make these pipes the ideal choice for most water and sewerage supply systems.

The disadvantages of steel pipes include thermal conductivity, which is very poor as there is a difference in heat transfer. These types of pipes are usually bonded with aluminum or copper alloy to increase thermal conductivity and improve heat transfer. Cost is another issue, as these pipes are expensive and this is guided by the misconception of being a one-time purchase. However, steel pipes are difficult to fabricate and lack the malleable qualities that other materials have, therefore repairs and replacements of steel pipes are extra difficult.

Basic material properties

Steel is strong, rigid, and has a low coefficient of thermal expansion. It is also heavy (multiple workers may be needed to transport it) and is subject to corrosion. Sometimes it is called carbon steel or black special steel to differentiate from stainless and galvanized steel. All steel, by definition, contains carbon.

Steel often is used for closed hydronic systems because it is inexpensive, especially when compared with other materials in systems with high pressures, and corrosion is relatively easily controlled in these systems. It also is a good choice for steam and steam-condensate systems because it handles high temperatures and pressures well, and corrosion is normally not an issue in steam pipes. However, corrosion is an issue in steam-condensate pipes, and many engineers specify schedule 80 steel pipe simply because it takes about twice as long to rust through as schedule 40 pipe.

If amines (commonly cyclohexylamine, morpholine, or diethylethanolamine (DEAE) are fed properly to neutralize condensate pipe pH, condensate pipes can last the life of the building. Some building owners do not want these chemicals in steam that may be used for humidification because of health concerns; however, not using these amines might require a change to stainless steel (SS) piping or adding a separate “clean steam” system for humidification and for sterilization of medical instruments.

Rigidity is important because it determines the distance between hangers. Steel pipe is manufactured in 21-ft lengths, and the hangers can be spaced that widely for large-diameter pipe. More flexible materials, however, may require hangers on as close as 4-ft centers or even continuously. Consult ANSI/MSS SP-58: Pipe Hangers and Supports – Materials, Design, Manufacture, Selection, Application, and Installation for details about hangers and hanger spacing.

A low coefficient of thermal expansion minimizes the need for expansion loops and expansion joints. However, the high rigidity of steel means that although it expands less, it exerts very high forces on anchors.

Galvanized steel pipe is steel pipe that is dipped into a pool of zinc (see Figure 1). Galvanizing has two methods of corrosion reduction:

It coats the surface like paint, and under most circumstances it forms a very adherent oxide layer like aluminum and SS.
It provides a sacrificial anode (zinc) to receive corrosion instead of the steel corroding.
Galvanized steel pipe has all the advantages of steel pipe, and is used in insulated and coated piping, plus improved corrosion resistance in most environments, although at a slightly higher cost. Galvanizing works almost perfectly in applications where it is wetted and dried periodically (e.g., road signs and guard rails). It can fail in environments with high sodium (e.g., softened water that started out very hard) because the sodium makes the adherent oxide film detach and react more like steel pipe where the oxide flakes off. If galvanized pipe is being welded, the welder needs to be careful to grind down to the raw steel. Repairing galvanizing on the inside of the pipe is difficult or impossible. If the interior needs a continuous galvanized layer, consider mechanical couplings. (More information is available via the American Galvanizers Association.)

Copper pipe often is used in both hydronic and domestic applications, especially for 2-in. and smaller pipe sizes. However, some contractors propose replacing galvanized steel domestic-water pipe with copper up to 6-in. in size, especially in the Midwest. Copper is an expensive material but has the advantage of weighing less than steel and may require fewer employees to install, depending on weight and union restrictions. Also, copper is generally more noble and corrosion-resistant than steel or galvanized steel pipe fittings.

Stainless steel is widely considered to be resistant to all corrosion. This is true in many circumstances, but not all. Anaerobic and chloride corrosion can affect SS. The most common alloy is 304 SS, which adds 18% chromium and 8% nickel to steel. 304L has reduced carbon content to minimize the tendency for SS to corrode at welds. SS with the L designation is recommended for all SS that will be welded and might have corrosion issues, like fume exhaust and some pipe systems. 316 and 316L add molybdenum to reduce susceptibility to chlorides.

In the past decade, we have seen thinner SS being proposed as an alternative to galvanized seamless steel tube and pipe and larger-diameter copper pipe, primarily for domestic potable-water piping. There is one potential problem with this if done incorrectly (see, “Mixing materials may equal trouble”).

SS requires some oxygen to build an adhering oxide layer, like aluminum car wheels. This is normally not a problem in hydronic heating/cooling systems or domestic-water systems, but a large chilled-water-storage system could have oxygen levels become low enough to have issues with microbially influenced corrosion (known as MIC).

There are many grades of SS. In general, 300 series alloys are the most corrosion-resistant and are nonmagnetic. 400 series are harder, more resistant to abrasion, withstand higher temperatures, and are magnetic. 200 series alloys are used in sinks and applications where less corrosion resistance is acceptable.

How Galvanized Sheet Metal Is Used For Everyday Projects


    Did you know that galvanization is the process of applying a protective zinc coating to steel or iron to prevent rusting? The most common method in Gi Coil Sheet metal fabrication shops is hot-dip galvanizing. This is the process of submerging metal parts in a bath of molten zinc to protect the metal.

    This protection occurs in three different ways:

            The zinc coating, when intact, prevents corrosive substances from reaching the underlying steel or iron.
       
            It acts as a sacrificial anode, which is the main component of a galvanic cathodic protection (CP) system used to protect buried or submerged metal from corrosion. This means that if the coating is scratched, the exposed steel or iron will be protected by the remaining zinc.
       
            The zinc protects its base metal by corroding before iron.
       
    Galvanizing, or galvanization, is a manufacturing process where a coating of zinc is applied to steel or iron to offer protection and prevent rusting. There are several galvanizing processes available, but the most commonly offered and used method is called hot-dip galvanizing.

    Galvanized Steel Gi Sheet is among the most popular steel types because of its extended durability, having the strength and formability of steel plus the corrosion protection of the zinc-iron coating. The zinc protects the base metal by acting as a barrier to corrosive elements, and the sacrificial nature of the coating results in a long-lasting and high-quality steel product.

    This versatility makes it applicable to a variety of projects and industries, including agriculture, solar, automotive, construction, and so on. Below, we aim to provide a comprehensive description of how galvanized steel is processed, different galvanization methods, its benefits, and how it is used in these various industries.

    WHAT IS ZINC ALUMINUM-MAGNESIUM COATED STEEL

    This Zinc Aluminum Magnesium Steel Coils which is also called ZAM coated steel is one newly developed with coating layers of 100-450g +/-10g which owns very strong corrosion-resistant ability. And zinc aluminum-magnesium coated steel is a new type of corrosion-resistant coated steel sheet consisting mainly of zinc, about 11% aluminum, 3% magnesium and trace amounts of silicon. Our Zam Coils adds Al, Mg, Si to the conventional Zn plating, and the these added chemicals elements improve the corrosion resistance. That is, in addition to the previous Al addition, added to the zinc aluminum magnesium coil products have the significant effect on the Mg, in addition, to meet the addition of Si, so that rust effect can be improved. Si improves the corrosion resistance of the coating layer containing Al while further improving the corrosion effect by the combination with Mg. This Zin Aluminium Magnesium steel feathers superior corrosion-resistance on the surface, bend processed parts, ammonia environment, cut edge, drawing-processed parts. And it’s HS code is 72109000.

    Zn Al Mg Alloy Coils Advantages

    1. Excellent anti-rust performance! The rust-proof performance of the flat part is no need to speak.

    2. The rust resistance of the end face is also excellent.

    3. Moreover, alkali resistance is also excellent. This zinc aluminum magnesium steel coil in comparison with hot-dip galvanized steel and hot-dip galvanized 5% aluminum alloy steel, can achieve the same corrosion resistance but use less plating layers. In addition, because of its excellent resistance to red rust, it can be used to be instead of stainless steel or aluminum plate.

    4. Excellent processing property performance! Bending portion, the stretching portion is also hard to rust, surface processing is not rare injuries, very beautiful.

    5. Weldability, paint is also very good.

    6. Withstand the rigors of processing with the plating adhesion. In addition, the coating hardness is high, with excellent resistance to damage.

    7. Super VA’s new material can greatly reduce costs and shorten delivery time due to the no need for post-plating.

    8. May also be a substitute for stainless steel and aluminum.

    9. It is resistance to severe conditions of the processing of adhering. In addition to high hardness coating, with excellent resistance to damage.

    With a history that stretches back over 150 years, there are innumerable examples of galvanised steel in use in many environments, which prove its performance.

    Galvanized Tube is all around us, in a whole variety of industries including road, rail, energy plants, oil and gas, agriculture, water and waste and sports and leisure. It can play an important role for buildings, bridges, facades, signal gantries, gates, balconies and even sculptures. Wherever there is a risk for corrosion of steel, galvanising should be used.

    An average coating thickness of 85 microns, the same thickness as a sheet of A4 paper, can protect a steel structure for the better part of 100 years. One of the inherent benefits of hot dip galvanizing is that when clean steel that is greater than 6mm thick is submerged into molten zinc, it will develop a minimum mean coating of 85 microns.

Save Space and Energy with A Bathroom Wall LED Mirror


    Thinking of purchasing an LED mirror for your bathroom? LED Bathroom Mirror Lights are a great addition as they help in providing some much-needed light when you are getting ready in the morning. When purchasing a mirror, you will need to consider a few things before going ahead with your purchase.

    The first thing you will need to consider is the dimensions of your wall. Not only do you want your mirror to fit but choosing a larger mirror for smaller bathrooms will help make your space look bigger. Then, you will want to think about the design of the mirror as it should effortlessly fit into your bathroom aesthetic.

    How to Choose a Bathroom Mirror

    You might think it’s just a mirror, but liking what you see every morning when you walk into the bathroom is important. And it’s not just that, you want to invest in quality products for your home. So, what should you know before spending money on a bathroom mirror?
       
            Framed mirrors are available in many different styles and the frames can be simple or ornate.
       
            On the other hand, frameless mirrors have buffed edges and they’re better for a contemporary bathroom.
       
            LED Rectangle Bathroom Mirror Lights have a built-in light that makes it really easy to put on make-up or just concentrate the light around the mirror so that you can get a better view of what you’re doing.

    Are LED bathroom mirrors any good?

    Yes, they are, especially if you perform tasks in front of your bathroom vanity that requires the LED Round Bathroom Mirror Light concentrated around the mirror. Even if they are a bit more expensive compared to other models, they are perfect for those of you that like to put on make-up, for example, or for those of you passionate about morning and evening skincare routines.

    Downlights are great – they are a fresh and innovative way to make your house or commercial business lit up to whatever mood or theme you specify it to be. Not only can these downlights be used to light up specific areas of a home or business for practical purposes, they can be used to create an atmosphere few other lighting methods offer. They’re modern, they’re the ultimate designer’s dream, and they lend elegance and class wherever they are installed.

    Unfortunately, however, ordinary downlights have a downside – and it’s not really what you would call a comfortable one. Downlights are installed in the ceiling, and since the ceiling is a natural barrier when it comes to fires, your common or standard downlights may have a tendency to increase your risk during a fire and fail to protect you from an inferno. Unless, of course, you install Fire Rated Downlights. Here’s everything you need to know about fire rated downlights and their many benefits.

    Fire rated downlights: how they benefit you

    Fire rated downlights, however, ensure that the hole that needs to be cut is properly plugged – which delays the spreading of the fire for a long time. They are made of special materials, such as glass and a steel bezel, that prevent the rapid spreading of heat.

    There are also some specially-made Die Cast Aluminum Fire Rated Downlights that have an ‘open design,’ which means that they offer the best conditions when it comes to temperature. This type of open design has another advantage: that of resulting in increased airflow, which means that the heat emanated by the light does not have a chance to build up. Compared to traditional or standard fire rated downlights that also decrease the supply of air to the LED, resulting in a shorter lifespan for the actual bulb, some open design Steel Fire Rated Downlights are actually as much as 10 degrees cooler. This open design offers another benefit as well: the lamp does not become concealed in a dull and ugly large canister of metal – in fact, it is specifically-designed to be hardly noticed at all. The fit of such a downlight is such that it is almost flush with the ceiling, making the downlight look more discreet and aesthetically-pleasing.

    Whilst we are on the subject, there are several other reasons why LED Die Cast Aluminum Fire Rated Downlights are a much better choice than traditional or standard downlights. One of these is the fact that you have the option to select between a number of wattages, and you also have options when it comes to the colour temperature. You even have a choice between a non-dimmable or dimmable model, although it goes without saying that the dimmable models are ultimately more popular than the non-dimmable ones, especially for rooms that require some kind of mood lighting, such as living areas, bathrooms, and bedrooms.

    Our new Back-Lit LED panel lights are a long-lasting, and easy-to-install solution for providing quality light distribution in offices, schools, and other commercial applications. Their thin, lightweight design features 4 knockouts to provide easy installation in both retrofit and new construction applications. Powered by a dedicated 0-10V dimming LED driver, our Backlit Panel Lights provide smooth, uniform dimming.

    In the past, hot spots and yellowing have been concerns with LED Backlit Panel light fixtures. We have addressed these issues by using a frosted lens that provides evenly diffused light with no worries of hot spots. And the optical lenses covering each individual LED chip to ensure there is no risk of yellowing over time.

    Our new back-lit panel light fixtures offer enhanced versatility and efficiency with our innovative Power Select and Color Select features. These features allow the lumen output and color temperature to be selected with a simple switch. This versatility offers significant SKU reduction.