How useful are hand sanitizers?
They're definitely useful in the hospital, to help prevent the transfer of viruses and bacteria from one patient to another by hospital personnel. 
Outside of the hospital, most people catch respiratory viruses from direct contact with people who already have them, and alcohol sanitizer gel won't do anything in those circumstances. And they haven't been shown to have more disinfecting power than just washing your hands with soap and water.   
Convenient cleaning
Hand disnfectants do, however, have a role during peak respiratory virus season (roughly October to April) because they make it much easier to clean your hands.
It can be challenging to wash your hands every time you sneeze or cough, especially when you are outdoors or in a car. Hand sanitizers are convenient, so they make it more likely that people will clean their hands, and that's better than not cleaning at all.
According to the Centers for Diseae Control (CDC), however, for hand sanitizer to be effective it must be used correctly. That means using the proper amount (read the label to see how much you should use), and rubbing it all over the surfaces of both hands until your hands are dry. Do not wipe your hands or wash them after applying.
Are all hand sanitizers created equal?
It's important to make sure any hand sanitizer, or alcohol sanitizer spray you do use contains at least 60 percent alcohol. 
Studies have found that sanitizers with lower concentrations or non-alcohol-based hand sanitizers are not as effective at killing germs as those with 60 to 95 percent alcohol.
In particular, non-alcohol-based sanitizers may not work equally well on different types of germs and could cause some germs to develop resistance to the sanitizer.
Are hand sanitizers and other antimicrobial products bad for you?
There is no proof that alcohol-based hand sanitizers and other antimicrobial products are harmful.
They could theoretically lead to antibacterial resistance. That's the reason most often used to argue against using hand sanitizers. But that hasn't been proven. In the hospital, there hasn't been any evidence of resistance to alcohol-based hand sanitizers.
However, while there aren't any studies showing that hand sanitizers definitely pose a threat, there also isn't any evidence that they do a better job of protecting you from harmful bacteria than soap.
So while hand sanitizers have their place — in hospitals or when you can't get to a sink — washing with soap and warm water is almost always a better choice. 
When to avoid hand sanitizers
You should always clean with soap and water if your hands are visibly dirty, or if you've touched chemicals. 
When hands are heavily soiled or greasy — such as after playing outdoor sports or working at a construction site — the CDC cautions that hand sanitizers may not work well at all.
Benefits of soap and water
Whenever you can, just wash your hands — for at least 20 seconds — with non-bacterial soap and warm water, and alcohol wipes.
The CDC says soap and water are more effective than hand sanitizers at removing certain types of germs. They also do a better job of preserving the flora, or "good" bacteria, on your hands.
Your whole body is covered with bacteria, and if you remove those good bacteria, they can be replaced by other, potentially harmful, bacteria. Natural bacteria are there for a reason. 
The best defense: cleanliness
What does your room look like? What does the bathroom look like? How about your phone? There's a good chance all of these things need to be cleaned. It's not necessary to use antimicrobial products: The important thing is to keep everything clean on a regular basis.
On the other hand, some people are concerned about hygiene to an extreme extent. The good news is that if you do the usual things like practicing good hand hygiene and avoiding touching your face — rather than taking extraordinary measures — you'll be fine.

Toys for Toddlers   
Toddlers can play with a wider variety of toys than they did when they were smaller.  They might still enjoy some of the toys they played with as babies, and that’s fine.  The same blocks they played with a year or two ago can provide them with new and different educational opportunities as their knowledge expands.  But they also need toys that are designed with kids their age in mind.   Shape sorters are great for toddlers.  They teach them how to match similar items and provide parents the opportunity to teach them the names of the shapes.  Lego blocks provide an opportunity to learn more about colors and symmetry while they develop their motor skills. 

Toys for Preschool and School-Aged Children  
When children reach preschool age, it’s time to start learning about letters, numbers and language skills.  There are lots of new toys that encourage this type of learning, from simple alphabet puzzles to high-tech electronic gadgets. These can give your child a head start by introducing her to the things she will be learning in school. Kids who are in school can supplement their learning with fun and educational toys.  Giving them the opportunity to have fun while practicing the things they are learning in school will increase their retention of those things.  And when your child finds an educational toy she really likes, she will be more likely to play with it, reinforcing the things she has learned. Children can learn a lot from playing.  When you give your child educational learning toys and play with them with her, it gives her a chance to bond with you, learn, and have fun at the same time. And there are also make up toy, or cosmetic toys. And making education enjoyable will help your child retain the things she learns and develop a positive attitude toward learning.

THE BASICS OF STEEL FLANGES
Stainless steel flanges provide an easy access for cleaning, inspection or modification. They usually come in round shapes but they can also come in square and rectangular forms. The flanges are joined to each other by bolting and joined to the piping system by welding or threading and are designed to the specific pressure ratings; 150lb, 300lb, 400lb, 600lb, 900lb, 1500lb and 2500lb.
A flange can be a plate for covering or closing the end of a pipe. This is called a blind flange. Thus, flanges are considered to be internal components which are used to support mechanical parts.
 
MATERIALS
Each flange material is to be considered for its application prior to ordering, this is due to the structural integrity of the application that the flange will be used on.
Currently, the most common materials for flanges are:
Carbon steel
  • ASTM A105/A266 Gr.2 (high temperature carbon steel flanges)
  • ASTM A350 LF1 to LF3 (low temperature carbon steel flanges)
  • ASTM A694 Gr. F42/F52/F56/F60/F65 (high yield carbon steel flanges to match API 5L linepipes)
Alloy Steel
  • ASTM A182 Gr. F1/F2/F5/F9/F11 Cl.2/F12 Cl.2/F22 Cl.3/F91 (alloy steel flanges)
Stainless / Duplex Steel
  • ASTM A182 F304/304L, 316/316L, 321, 347, 348 (stainless steel flanges), 904/904L
  • ASTM A182 F51 (duplex flanges)/F53-F55 (superduplex flanges)
Nickel Alloys / Superalloys
  • ASTM B166 UNS NO6600 (Inconel 600)
  • ASTM B564 UNS N06625 (Inconel 625)
  • ASTM B425 UNS-NO8800 (Incoloy 800)
  • ASTM B564 UNS N08825 (Incoloy 825)
  • ASTM B160 UNS N0200 (Nickel 200)
  • ASTM B564 UNS N04400 (Monel 400)
  • ASTM B564 UNS N10276 (Hastelloy C-276)
Titanium
  • ASTM B381 Gr.2 (Titanium)

In industry, flanges, including stainless steel flate flanges, stainless steel slip on flanges, and stainless steel weld neck flanges, form a vital connecting link for piping, valves and other equipment. They provide an easy point of access for cleaning, inspection, modification, and for necessary repairs. A flanged joint provides a strong seal in a closed system, and is made by bolting together a gasket flanked by two flanges.
In heavy industry, these flanges need to be especially resilient or they can prove to be the weak point in a system. It is important therefore, to ensure that the flanges you are choosing are up to the task.
Why are stainless steel flanges preferred for industrial use?
In all metal applications, corrosion is a constant consideration. Rust, chemicals and other environmental factors all take their toll on metals. Therefore, the choice of flange would need to be resistant to these factors. Stainless steel outperforms other metal flanges – including carbon steel – due to its high resistance to corrosion.
Stainless steel is incredibly strong and durable, capable of withstanding immense pressures. By comparison, aluminium may be a cheaper option but it is softer and not as reliable under heavy stress.
Any system or piece of equipment is only as strong as its weakest part. Joins and welds are traditionally a weak point, so it would be wise to make sure that your choice of metal is correct for the application.
Depending its use, a flange may need to withstand high very temperatures. The correct grade of stainless steel flange would ensure that there is no warping or deformation which would compromise the system.
Cheaper, lower grade metal flanges may be fine for certain applications, but if you want your system or equipment to work at maximum capacity, then you should consider spending a little more on stainless steel flanges.

WHAT ARE PIPE FLANGES AND HOW DO THEY WORK?
Offering a reliable way to connect pipe systems with the various equipment, valves, and other components of virtually any processing system, flanges are the second most used joining method after welding.
Using flanges adds flexibility when maintaining piping systems by allowing for easier disassembly and improved access to system components.
A typical flanged connection is comprised of three parts:

• Pipe Flanges
  
  
• Gasket
  
  
• Bolting
  

• Flat Face (FF): As the name suggests, flat face flanges feature a flat, even surface combined with a full face gasket that contacts most of the flange surface.
  
  
• Raised Face (RF): These flanges feature a small raised section around the bore with an inside bore circle gasket.
  
  
• Ring Joint Face (RTJ): Used in high-pressure and high-temperature processes, this face type features a groove in which a metal gasket sits to maintain the seal.
  
  
• Tongue and Groove (T&G): These stainless steel blind flanges feature matching grooves and raised sections. This aids in installation as the design helps the flanges to self-align and provides a reservoir for gasket adhesive.
  
  
• Male & Female (M&F): Similar to tongue and groove flanges, these flanges use a matching pair of grooves and raised sections to secure the gasket. However, unlike tongue and groove flanges, these retain the gasket on the female face, providing more accurate placement and increased gasket material options.
  

• High strength,
  
  
• High resistance to pitting, crevice corrosion.
  
  
• High resistance to stress corrosion cracking, corrosion fatigue, and erosion,
  
  
• Excellent resistance to chloride stress- corrosion cracking
  
  
• High thermal conductivity
  
  
• Good sulfide stress corrosion resistance,
  
  
• Low thermal expansion and higher heat conductivity than austenitic steels,
  
  
• Good workability and weldability,
  
  
• High energy absorption.
  

• Heat exchangers, tubes and pipes for production and handling of gas and oil,
  
  
• Heat exchangers and pipes in desalination plants,
  
  
• Mechanical and structural components,
  
  
• Power industry FGD systems,
  
  
• Pipes handling solutions containing chlorides,
  
  
• Utility and industrial systems, rotors, fans, shafts and press rolls where the high corrosion fatigue strength can be utilized,
  
  
• Cargo tanks, vessels, piping and welding consumables for chemical tankers.
  

Are you concerned with the amount of plastic you are using and wish to find ways to cut it down? One brilliant and creative solution is to replace plastic used in packaging with molded pulp, and Bonito packaging  is the best molded pulp tray manufacturer in town.
Bonitopak has been manufacturing custom moulded pulp trays and packaging materials for internal safety and cushioning of products. Most of our products (which include trays as well as corner protection pieces among others) are used in the packaging of electronics, cosmetics, wine bottles, and a variety of other items.
The ethos of Bonitopak rests in producing eco-friendly and sustainable products to replace plastic because the company is dedicated to making packaging materials biodegradable. This article will introduce you to what molded pulp is, its environmental impact, and how Bonitopak’s unique take on molded pulp trays makes them a fashionable addition to your products as well.
Molded Pulp And Sustainability
The manufacture of molded pulp items for packaging has underscored the potential for sustainable growth for businesses in all industries across the world. Made from recycled paperboard or newsprint, molded pulp is a packaging material that is ideal for cushioning products, especially for travel.
Today molded pulp is used all across the globe for packaging purposes, such as drink holders and as food service trays among other non-edible items. With concerns over plastic waste increasing, replacing non-biodegradable and compostable products from use is becoming more and more imperative.
Molded pulp is thus a sustainable alternative to Styrofoam, plastics and other petroleum based packaging, one that is also economical. There are no price surges with molded pulp, so ultimately this material is a lot more reliable, and overall requires less capital to make and use for packaging. s
Molded pulp can also be made waterproof for longevity by coating it in a layer of wax. This makes it easier to travel around with molded pulp without the pulp breaking away if it comes in contact with water. Because the pulp is made from wet pressing paper-based products, it is important to keep it from coming in contact with water as it may soak it up and fall apart.  
At Bonitopak, you will find the highest grade of molded pulp made in stylish and intelligent designs, in multiple colors for a wide array of products. You will also find the different types in moulded pulp fiber packaging that is waterproof and can be repeatedly used should you want to.
How Is Molded Pulp Made?
An important aspect of using pulp moulded inserts and packaging products is that the manufacturing process is eco-friendly and cost-effective. To learn how these features are part of the molded pulp experience, let us take a closer look at the process of making molded pulp.

1. First, the paper is collected that is meant to be recycled anyways and is then added to a pulper, which can be understood as a giant blender that breaks down the paper into smaller fibers.
   
   
2. Next, water is added to the pulper to make the pulp, which upon completion has an oatmeal-like texture and feel. Typically, the pulper takes around 20 minutes to complete this task.
   
   
3. After the paper pulp has been extracted from the pulper, it is then poured into molds that have already been set up for the pulp to take a solid shape. Bonito packaging  uses various molds to make sure that the molded pulp we create can be incorporated into a variety of designs and packaging materials.
   
   
4. The fourth stage is the drying of the pulp in the molding trays. For this purpose, after the pulp has somewhat taken a shape inside the mold, it is then put onto a conveyor belt that takes it to the dryer. Think of the dryer like a huge oven, where all the water from the pulp is made to evaporate at high temperatures. In this process, the individual fibers meld together and become stronger, becoming molded fiber packaging.
   
   
5. Finally, the molded pulp is ready to be taken out of the dryer and used accordingly.
   

LED Linear is a phrase we often hear in the realms of commercial interior design, but what exactly does it mean and how do we use it? This article aims to ‘de-mystify’ commercial LED Linear lighting and give you an insight into how and where to use it, to effortlessly turn cool offices into exceptional ones!

Firstly let’s talk about LEDs. An LED is short for ‘Light Emitting Diode’, which is a highly efficient long-lasting source of light which uses a semiconductor to convert electricity into light. When a suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are able to recombine with ‘electron holes’ within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons (light). The colour of the light is determined by the energy band of the semiconductor.
Right, that’s enough of the techy stuff, lets take a look at how the LED came to be.
The LED appeared as early on 1962, and were used as practical components in electric items, such as warning lights. The early LEDs were limited to low-intensity infrared light such as those still used in remote controls, and do you remember those first LED watches with a black screen and red numbers appeared when you pressed a button? The first visible light LEDs were also low intensity and limited to red, but modern LEDs are now available across the visible, ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths and can be extremely bright.

SO WHAT IS LED LINEAR
LED Linear Lighting is simply the use of many ‘Light emitting diodes’ packaged together in a long, narrow housing to create a strip of light. This simple concept revolutionised the way we light spaces.
Before the conception of LED Linear, lighting long commercial spaces such as offices, warehouses and retail situations was notoriously tricky. Such spaces were lit with large, industrial incandescent bulbs. Linear lighting started evolving in the 1950s with fluorescent tubes, mainly used in industrial spaces. By the 1970s this technology was being used in homes, garages and workshops, and retail spaces. This further created a need for lower cost, better-looking fittings. Creating a continuous uninterrupted line of light wasn’t possible before LED because the fluorescent tubes had to stop and start leaving a black or dark spot.
The improved looks didn’t happen until the early 2000’s when the early version of commercial LED Linear as we know it was made. The demand for LED Linear lighting is now huge and continues to grow. The difference now is that linear architectural lighting and LED technology has broadened the applications of commercial LED linear fixtures. The industry continues to evolve with improvements in aesthetics and performance, moving away from the old, traditional housings, utilising materials in a better way and incorporating more advanced technology.

LED LINEAR REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS
There’s a couple of key things that Synergy’s clients like to know about standards and regulations around commercial lighting, particularly for use in public and work spaces; just ask and we can advise!
One of the main regulations is regarding glare from commercial lighting. Excessive glare from lights, such as LED highbay light can cause eyestrain and headaches, so it’s important to reduce direct glare and reflected glare within an office environment. Unified Glare Rating (UGR) is used as a measure of glare and is calculated by the glare from all visible lamps divided by the background lamination of the room. In an office environment, a UGR of less than 19 is considered acceptable for best concentration. Want to find out more about UGR19?
Lux levels are important too. This is essentially the light level in a space, usually measured from a specified height (such as desk height in an office). CIBSE (Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers) specify recommended lux levels for different areas in the commercial building sector.

WHY COMMERCIAL LED LINEAR?
Our clients appreciate a host of benefits boasted by commercial LED Linear lighting, including;
Aesthetics – if looks are important to you, then LED Linear has a pretty strong offering. It provides a massive amount of versatility for creating unique and eye-catching designs. Bespoke angles, curves and customised RAL colour powder coating are just a few of the options available that make LED Linear an easy choice.
Directional light – LEDs are directional, reducing the need for reflectors and diffusers that can trap light.
Colour temperature – LED Linear lights offer a large range of colour temperatures, which affect the way the eye interprets the light. From cool white to warm white, different temperatures can be used to create mood and atmosphere in a space. Neutral white, or 4000 kelvin to use its technical name, is recommended for offices and retail areas which provides the most comfortable environment.
Cost effective – an obvious advantage, LED Linear is extremely efficient to run due to its low energy usage, and also its inherent longevity; an LED will typically last many times longer than a fluorescent tube.
Once you’ve made the decision to use commercial LED Linear lighting for your space, there are a bewildering array of options, so we’ve broken it down into some of the key factors for you to consider:

LED LIGHT TYPE
The three main types of LED Linear are pendant, surface mounted or recessed.
LED Linear Pendant lighting use suspension wires to hang from the ceiling, and are most suited to rooms with generous ceiling height. These are also ideal for creating stunning accent lighting – think about hanging over reception desks, stairways or atriums.
Surface Mounted LED tri proof light are mounted onto the surface of the and are suited to situations where pendant lights could be too low due to ceiling height.
Recessed LED linear are recessed into a surface, be it a ceiling, wall or . This offers clean, uninterrupted lines.

LED LINEAR PROFILE
LED Linear lights with LED lichtband system can be straight or shaped to create dramatic sculptures for ultimate effect.
Straight profiles will typically create a subtler effect, but can also be used to create eye catching geometric style designs.

Curved profiles will typically help to create flow in a space and give a feeling of movement.
Round profiles are often used to help divide space into zones, particularly in open plan spaces. For example LED rings suspended lower than surrounding lighting over collaborative zones creates a sense of focus.

LED LINEAR APPLICATIONS
LED linear is very versatile and can be used for a number of commercial lighting applications, such as LED sport light.
General lighting – this is the high level lighting that provides that background light in a space. Care should be taken that light is distributed evenly and glare is avoided.
Task lighting – this is focused light for specific tasks, such as a low hung LED ring over a collaborative area.
Accent – light used for aesthetic effect, such as to highlight or mirror the shape of a distinctive architectural feature or give a sense of height to a room. Our recessed LED Linear lights are perfect for this. Let your imagination run wild and the results can be stunning!

Here are the top 4 reasons why LED Emergency Lights are better:

• Efficiency — LEDs use a process called electroluminescence, meaning that electrons are combined with electron holes when switched on. Incandescent bulbs have a filament that burns to create light, which means energy is being used to create heat. There is no filament used in LEDs, so heat is not a major issue. LEDs are thinner and lighter, which makes them more economical and efficient. Low-temperature performance, ability to be controlled digitally, and the robust nature of the bulbs make LED lights more efficient than others. Overall, LED lights typically produce a 30% energy savings compared to normal bulbs, and solar light might be a more eco-friendly product.
  
  
• Lifespan — The lifespan of an LED bulb is about 50x longer than standard incandescent bulbs. The burning filament inside of an incandescent bulb wears out very quickly, which results in the bulb needing replaced. LED lights do not have a burning filament, which allow them to last approximately 50,000 more hours than a standard incandescent bulb.
  
  
• Brightness — Brightness is extremely important when it comes to an emergency light. Emergency lights are used to illuminate the path for evacuation of the building in the event of an emergency. LED lights are some of the brightest types of bulbs available. They are much brighter than incandescent bulbs of the same wattage. LED lights are the best choice for brightness in an emergency light.
  
  
• Maintenance — Inspections and testing are required for all emergency lights; LEDs are no exception. However, the extended lifespan makes replacement less likely. Constant replacement of non-LED bulbs can get costly. Emergency lights with LED bulbs can save your facility money in the long run.
  

LCD Monitors
Liquid crystal display technology works by blocking light. Specifically, an LCD is made of two pieces of polarized glass (also called substrate) that contain a liquid crystal material between them. A backlight creates light that passes through the first substrate. At the same time, electrical currents cause the liquid crystal molecules to align to allow varying levels of light to pass through to the second substrate and create the colors and images that you see.
Active and Passive Matrix Displays
Most LCD displays use active matrix technology. A thin film transistor (TFT) arranges tiny transistors and capacitors in a matrix on the glass of the display. To address a particular pixel, the proper row is switched on, and then a charge is sent down the correct column. Since all of the other rows that the column intersects are turned off, only the capacitor at the designated pixel receives a charge. The capacitor is able to hold the charge until the next refresh cycle.
The other type of LCD technology is passive matrix. This type of LCD display uses a grid of conductive metal to charge each pixel. Although they are less expensive to produce, passive matrix office monitors are rarely used today due to the technology's slow response time and imprecise voltage control compared to active matrix technology.
LCD displays offer super sharp pictures and great color. But do the pros outweigh the cons when it comes to LCD TV displays? Before deciding on a thumbs up or thumbs down, you should understand how an LCD display works.
Mechanics of an LCD display
The LCD consists of a large number of pixels, or picture elements, consisting of liquid crystal molecules held between two sets of transparent electrodes.
The liquid crystals react in predictable ways when the electrical charge running between those electrodes is changed — meaning they twist and move in ways that let different amounts (and colors) of light through the crystals. The LCD has a control system that translates your video signals into the proper charges for each electrode. A light source shines through the LCD panel and creates your picture.
When compared to the other type of flat-panel display (plasma), LCDs tend to be found on the smaller size of the spectrum. You’ll rarely find a plasma smart TV smaller than 42 inches, but you can find LCDs at sizes as small as 13 inches.
Benefits of LCD displays
LCD displays have some strong points when it comes to playing video:
Extremely high resolutions: LCDs can easily reach HDTV resolutions (in fact, most LCD displays do). You can find a 1080p-capable LCD display in all but the smallest sizes — while many plasma displays are still 720p.
Excellent color: LCDs offer exceptional reproduction of colors, with the potential for beautifully re-created colors across the spectrum. This differs from other flat-panel displays (such as plasma systems), which often tend to display certain colors inaccurately.
Great picture: The newest and most expensive LCDs use an LED (light emitting diode) instead of a traditional bulb for their light source. These LEDs produce a higher-quality picture because the LED itself emits a more natural (closer to daylight) light than a bulb (which tends to be yellowish, not true white).
Energy efficiency: LCD HDTVs are perhaps the greenest HDTVs. Compared to plasmas, LCD HDTVs use less electricity to run. You can probably expect to use about 30 percent less power for an LCD than for a similar-sized plasma.
PC monitor-capable: Most LCD television displays can also do double-duty as a gaming monitor, plugging directly into any PC with a standard PC video cable.
No burn-in: If you play a lot of video games, watch the stock ticker on MSNBC, or do other things with your display that involve a lot of static content (images that don’t change or move around) on a CRT display, you can end up with those images permanently burned into the phosphors on your LCD screen. Because LCDs use a separate backlight instead of creating their own light with phosphors, they are immune to this problem (plasmas are not, by the way).
Inherently progressive: Unlike direct-view systems, LCDs don’t display their picture using electron guns scanning lines across a screen. Instead, LCDs use millions of tiny transistors that can be individually controlled by the “brains” inside the display. This means that LCDs can easily handle progressive-scan sources, such as progressive-scan DVD and HDTV.
Drawbacks of LCD displays
Consider the following problem areas before you buy an LCD system as your primary display in a home theater:
Slightly more expensive for their size: Inch for viewing inch, LCDs tend to be a bit more expensive than plasma flat-panels.
Poor reproduction of blacks: Compared with direct-view tube displays, LCDs do a poor job of reproducing black images. Darker screen images never show up as true black, but rather as various shades of gray, and actions happening in these darker areas are difficult to discern.
Limited viewing angle: Although they are getting better due to some intensive efforts by manufacturers, LCDs typically have a poor viewing angle. If you are not sitting almost directly in front of the screen, such as 21.5 inch screen pc, or 24 inch screen pc, you don’t get a good picture.
Limited brightness: Because LCDs use a backlight shining through the liquid crystal, most of the light is absorbed. As a result, the LCD displays have lower contrast and are harder to view in a brightly lit room (the picture appears washed out), compared with plasma TVs. LCD TVs with LED backlights do better in this regard.

LED vs. LCD TVs explained: What’s the difference?

Despite having a different acronym, LED TV is just a specific type of LCD TV, which uses a liquid crystal display (LCD) panel to control where light is displayed on your screen. These panels are typically composed of two sheets of polarizing material with a liquid crystal solution between them. When an electric current passes through the liquid, it causes the crystals to align, so that light can (or can’t) pass through. Think of it as a shutter, either allowing light to pass through or blocking it out.
Since both LED and LCD TVs are based around LCD technology, the question remains: what is the difference? Actually, it’s about what the difference was. Older LCD TVs used cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs) to provide lighting, whereas LED LCD TVs used an array of smaller, more efficient light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to illuminate the screen.
Since the technology is better, all LCD TVs now use LED lights and are colloquially considered LED TVs. For those interested, we’ll go deeper into backlighting below, or you can move onto the Local Dimming section.
Backlighting
Three basic illumination forms have been used in LCD TVs: CCFL backlighting, full-array LED backlighting, and LED edge lighting. Each of these illumination technologies is different from one another in important ways. Let’s dig into each.
CCFL Backlighting
CCFL backlighting is an older, now-abandoned form of display technology in which a series of cold cathode lamps sit across the inside of the TV behind the LCD. The lights illuminate the crystals fairly evenly, which means all regions of the picture will have similar brightness levels. This affects some aspects of picture quality, which we discuss in more detail below. Since CCFLs are larger than LED arrays, CCFL-based LCD TVs are thicker than LED-backlit LCD TVs.

les transferts n'étaient pas si populaires à l'arrière, bien que les maillot real madrid 2021 2 dernières années de sa carrière aient été passées au New York Cosmos, avant que Pelé ne suspende enfin ses bottes. Pelé a fait ses débuts dans l'équipe de football brésilienne la même année qu'il a fait ses débuts dans l'équipe senior de Santos , alors qu'il n'avait que 16 ans. Étonnamment, il a été intégré à l'équipe de la Coupe du monde 1958, à 17 ans, devenant ainsi le plus jeune joueur de la compétition. Il a même marqué un but crucial en quarts de finale contre le Pays de Galles, un but qui a permis au Brésil de franchir ce stade et d'accéder aux demi-finales.

Mais Pelé gardait le meilleur pour la finale : rencontrant la Suède, il a marqué un but magnifique, lobant le ballon devant un défenseur et l'envoyant maillot real madrid dans le filet, remportant finalement la finale pour le Brésil. Après la fin du match, l'effort et la joie se sont accumulés et le jeune Pelé de 17 ans n'a pas pu le supporter, s'évanouissant sur le terrain et ayant besoin de soins médicaux. En tant que joueur real madrid maillot 2021 de football, Pelé a participé à 3 autres Coupes du monde, entre 1962 et 1970, remportant le premier et le dernier. Il a été le premier joueur à marquer dans 4 différents.

Pelé agit désormais en tant qu'ambassadeur du football et du fair-play. Chaque académie de football doit mettre l'accent sur les faits importants concernant les systèmes de jeu, car ceux-ci pensent qu'il s'agit de l'aspect le plus important de l'entraînement de football, et beaucoup de gens le font. Ces gens seraient bien avisés de tenir compte de l'adage bien connu, un peu d'apprentissage est une maillot argentine chose dangereuse. qui passe.

son auditoire accepte généralement ce qu'il dit sans critique. Quand le même manager après une série de défaites, annonce que le système va passer au 4-3-3, tout le monde croit que la racine du problème a été trouvée et que le succès suivra immédiatement. Le fait est que les gens qui ne comprennent pas le problème du soulignement dans les entraîneurs de football se fient davantage à ce qu'on leur dit et moins à ce qu'ils voient. Il est nécessaire de fréquenter une académie de football compétente qui peut résoudre ce problème de soulignement.

Il est donc important que les managers et les personnes en position d'influence expriment les faits tels qu'ils sont réellement et ne brouillent pas le jargon. Combien d'entraîneurs entend-on parler de l'importance des coups de pied arrêtés, des corners, des coups francs et des lancers ? Pourtant, les faits montrent qu'à tous les niveaux de jeu, près de 55 % des buts proviennent de coups de pied arrêtés. Au plus haut niveau et surtout dans les matchs clés, ce pourcentage est encore plus élevé. Combien parlent de l'importance d'un maillot équipe de france gardien de but hautement compétent.

Vers la fin du XXe siècle, le maillot de football était fabriqué dans un matériau plus léger et les répliques du maillot de football des joueurs populaires ont trouvé un marché de niche. Le maillot de football est composé d'un filet de polyester qui sèche facilement la transpiration et garde le corps au frais. Le maillot de football porte le numéro du joueur et son nom ou son surnom au-dessus ou en dessous. Les numéros désignent généralement la position du joueur, chaque position sur le terrain ayant un numéro. Le capitaine de l'équipe aura un distinctif.

and his opinion buty zimowe adidas damskie certainly counts considering his impressive speed and agility might only be enhanced thanks to adidas latest technology . Hit the jump to get the full clip and then tell us in the comments what your first reactions were at the unveiling of the adidas Springblade.Now that Size? has brought back the Oregon Ultra Tech, the classic adidas Tech line is steadily moving toward a full retro treatment. The adidas Originals Tech Super returned at the start of the year and spearheaded this movement.

This purple, black and white makeup gives a sense of what s possible with feminine color schemes, this style adding a bit of extra juice courtesy of a neon midsole stripe whose irregularity reflects the bubbly bottom unit.  These have hit adidas retailers in Asia so be on buty zimowe damskie adidas the lookout at your local Three Stripes performance stockists.The adidas Originals SL 72 has released fairly irregularly in recent years, with several drops being ladies-only.  The latest is the first colorway from this model to get.

and be ready for these to arrive soon as they adidas x ghost re already available in Japan.He s completely unique, in his skateboarding and the way he is as a person. That s how photographer Skin Phillips described longtime adidas rider Mark Gonzales in this new video celebrating Gonz one and a half decades with Three Stripes. This new adidas Skateboarding 15 Years of Gonz and adidas clip features several more who ve caught Gonz through their lens, and the consensus is that this is one of the most innovative and courageous skaters the world has ever known.

You ll want adidas ozweego j to watch below to see highlights including the infamous circle board , and stick with Sneaker News for all the latest on this anniversary celebration.Previewed multiple times since this April, it s finally time for one of the new adidas Originals Marathon 85 colorways to hit retail. This pair is mostly St Deep Lake green suede, but the thing that gives this design its colorful edge is the Red Spirit leather. This, along with black outlines at the laces, sockliner and outsole make for a.

DMC and Bobby Gillespie showed up as human counterparts to the treasure trove of Three Stripes goodies on display, so click through to see more images and check out the exhibition if you re near London."Jeremy Scott s latest adidas Originals by Originals release represents one of the more obscure models he s used. The Jeremy Scott x adidas Originals JS Arrow has such a novel appearance, that you might not even remember the two pairs he released for ladies with huge heel platforms damskie buty adidas or the one in a penguin tux.

It started with the Nike Dunk Sky High, and has recently reached further into the Nike Sportswear classic basketball catalog as well as other brands offerings.  Now Three Stripes gets on board with the concealed lift look, debuting the adidas Originals Basket Profi Up in a snakeskin colorway that reflects another of 2013 s key footwear trends.  If we count the Dunk and Revolution Sky High as well as the Vans Sk8-Hi Wedge and this Basket Profi Up, we now have two examples each in the cup sole and vulc-soled blucher categories.

Les bracelets de perles sont l'une des variétés les plus étonnantes. parure swarovski Vous allez adorer voir les perles dans les bracelets. Ces perles ajoutent à la beauté de l'article. Vous adorerez porter des perles à votre poignet. De tels bracelets sont magnifiques en raison de la belle nature des perles qu'ils contiennent. Il existe de nombreux types de perles sur le marché. Vous pouvez obtenir un bracelet de perles facilement. Vous serez satisfait de la beauté des perles. Vous allez adorer voir un si beau bracelet à votre poignet tout le temps. Comme les perles sont légères, vous pouvez transporter les bracelets facilement.

Les perles noires sont l'une des plus belles variétés de perles disponibles. Vous pouvez essayer de nombreuses couleurs et motifs de ces bijoux. Toutes ces choses font des perles l'une des meilleures options pour vous. Aujourd'hui, les bijoux deviennent très célèbres parmi les hommes et les femmes. Les gens pendentif swarovski portaient des bijoux pour montrer leur statut tandis que d'autres portent des bijoux afin d'améliorer leur apparence et leur personnalité. Dans cet article, je vais écrire quelques bijoux pour hommes et femmes. Bijoux pour dames Boucles d'oreilles : Les boucles d'oreilles sont l'un des bijoux de fantaisie les plus chaine de cheville swarovski courants.

Boucles d'oreilles attachées dans les oreilles en perçant de petits trous dans les oreilles. C'est le type de bijoux qui est très commun à toutes les femmes, peu importe à quelle culture elles appartiennent. Les boucles d'oreilles sont composées de différents matériaux comme l'or, l'argent, le platine, le diamant, le métal, le plastique, etc. La conception et les coûts des boucles d'oreilles sont très variés. Bracelets : Les bracelets sont l'un des meilleurs accessoires que toute femme puisse porter. Habituellement, les bracelets sont livrés avec une grande variété de couleurs. Les bracelets sont composés de différents matériaux comme l'or, l'argent, bijoux swarovski femme le verre, etc.

Habituellement, les bracelets sont très flexibles par rapport aux bracelets. Il existe une variété illimitée de bracelets disponibles sur le marché. Ils sont de différentes formes et couleurs et ils sont également composés de différents matériaux. Les matériaux qui sont utilisés dans la fabrication des bracelets sont assez flexibles. Bagues : Les bagues peuvent être portées par les femmes, de presque toutes les régions du monde. Il existe de nombreux types d'anneaux disponibles comme ; anneaux de nez, anneaux d'orteil et anneaux de doigt. Parmi tous, l'anneau de doigt est le plus.

type de bague populaire parce que les bagues sont utilisées comme signe de mariage ou de fiançailles. Les bagues deviennent le symbole de la mode des femmes. Articles de bijoux pour hommes : Montre-bracelet : Pour les hommes, la montre-bracelet est le type de bijou le plus courant. Les montres-bracelets peuvent être utilisées par les hommes comme symbole de statut. Différents autres types de montres pour hommes sont également disponibles sur le marché, mais la montre-bracelet est le type de montre pour hommes le plus populaire. Boutons de manchette : Les boutons de manchette sont le type le plus connu d'accessoires pour hommes.

qu'il s'agisse d'argent swarovski boucle d oreille ou d'or implique plus ou moins les mêmes techniques, néanmoins, leur nettoyage a été segmenté pour plus de clarté. Il est important d'utiliser un chiffon doux en coton ou en flanelle pour nettoyer les bijoux en argent comme les bagues, les boucles d'oreilles ou les colliers. Il existe également un chiffon en argent spécial disponible pour nettoyer vos bijoux en argent qui a des propriétés anti-ternissement. Un bain d'argent qui ressemble à un nettoyant liquide ou à une pâte de bicarbonate de soude peut également être utilisé pour éliminer la ternissure. Attention cependant à ne pas utiliser le bain d'argent.

Still Confused About Masks? Here’s the Science Behind How Face Masks Prevent Coronavirus
As states reopen from stay-at-home orders, many, including California, are now requiring people to wear face coverings in most public spaces to reduce the spread of COVID-19.
Both the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization now recommend cloth masks for the general public, but earlier in the pandemic, both organizations recommended just the opposite. These shifting guidelines may have sowed confusion among the public about the utility of masks.
But health experts say the evidence is clear that masks can help prevent the spread of COVID-19 and that the more people wearing masks, the better.
We talked to UC San Francisco epidemiologist George Rutherford, MD, and infectious disease specialist Peter Chin-Hong, MD, about the CDC’s reversal on mask-wearing, the current science on how masks work, and what to consider when choosing a mask.
Why did the CDC change its guidance on wearing masks?
The original CDC guidance partly was based on what was thought to be low disease prevalence earlier in the pandemic, said Chin-Hong.
“So, of course, you’re preaching that the juice isn’t really worth the squeeze to have the whole population wear masks in the beginning – but that was really a reflection of not having enough testing, anyway,” he said. “We were getting a false sense of security.”
Rutherford was more blunt. The legitimate concern that the limited supply of surgical masks and N95 respirators should be saved for health care workers should not have prevented more nuanced messaging about the benefits of masking. “We should have told people to wear cloth masks right off the bat,” he said.
Another factor “is that culturally, the U.S. wasn’t really prepared to wear masks,” unlike some countries in Asia where the practice is more common, said Chin-Hong. Even now, some Americans are choosing to ignore CDC guidance and local mandates on masks, a hesitation that Chin-Hong says is “foolhardy.”
What may have finally convinced the CDC to change its guidance in favor of masks were rising disease prevalence and a clearer understanding that both pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic transmission are possible – even common. Studies have found that viral load peaks in the days before symptoms begin and that speaking is enough to expel virus-carrying droplets.
“I think the biggest thing with COVID now that shapes all of this guidance on masks is that we can’t tell who’s infected,” said Chin-Hong. “You can’t look in a crowd and say, oh, that person should wear mask. There’s a lot of asymptomatic infection, so everybody has to wear a mask.”
What evidence do we have that wearing a mask is effective in preventing COVID-19?
There are several strands of evidence supporting the efficacy of masks.
One category of evidence comes from laboratory studies of respiratory droplets and the ability of various masks to block them. An experiment using high-speed video found that hundreds of droplets ranging from 20 to 500 micrometers were generated when saying a simple phrase, but that nearly all these droplets were blocked when the mouth was covered by a damp washcloth. Another study of people who had influenza or the common cold found that wearing a surgical mask significantly reduced the amount of these respiratory viruses emitted in droplets and aerosols.
But the strongest evidence in favor of masks come from studies of real-world scenarios. “The most important thing are the epidemiologic data,” said Rutherford. Because it would be unethical to assign people to not wear a mask during a pandemic, the epidemiological evidence has come from so-called “experiments of nature.”
A recent study published in Health Affairs, for example, compared the COVID-19 growth rate before and after mask mandates in 15 states and the District of Columbia. It found that mask mandates led to a slowdown in daily COVID-19 growth rate, which became more apparent over time. The first five days after a mandate, the daily growth rate slowed by 0.9 percentage-points compared to the five days prior to the mandate; at three weeks, the daily growth rate had slowed by 2 percentage-points.
Another study looked at coronavirus deaths across 198 countries and found that those with cultural norms or government policies favoring mask-wearing had lower death rates.
Two compelling case reports also suggest that masks can prevent transmission in high-risk scenarios, said Chin-Hong and Rutherford. In one case, a man flew from China to Toronto and subsequently tested positive for COVID-19. He had a dry cough and wore a mask on the flight, and all 25 people closest to him on the flight tested negative for COVID-19. In another case, in late May, two hair stylists in Missouri had close contact with 140 clients while sick with COVID-19. Everyone wore a mask and none of the clients tested positive.

Do Air Purifiers Actually Work?
The promise of an air purifier is an enticing one: An appliance designed to cleanse the air in your home, getting rid of all the impurities including odors, smoke, dust, and pet dander. Given the fact that indoor air can have levels of certain pollutants up to five times higher than outdoor air, we get it. Some models may even be able to target bad air that creeps into your apartment or home, especially if you live in an area affected by pollution, or natural disaster.
Most people shouldn't be worried about exposure to temporary pollutants like smoke or exhaust in the air outside your home, as they dissipate over time, explains Ryan Roten, D.O., an emergency medicine doctor with Redlands Community Hospital in California. "In the short term, people will have asthma-like symptoms, primarily, or symptoms closer to allergies or sinusitis, including stuffy nose and a bit of a cough," says Dr. Doten, who has been treating patients with underlying respiratory illnesses as mass wildfires rage along the West Coast and air quality reaches new lows. "If the smoke is dense enough, you might have some headaches due to carbon dioxide, and those with issues like asthma or COPD will have it worse in the moment."
Air purifier can indeed neutralize some of the threat posed by air pollution and by indoor activities. In reality, though, not all air purifiers necessarily live up to their marketing hype.
How do air purifiers work?
Air purifiers usually consist of a filter, or multiple filters, and a fan that sucks in and circulates air. As air moves through the filter, pollutants and particles are captured and the clean air is pushed back out into the living space. Typically, filters are made of paper, fiber (often fiberglass), or mesh, and require regular replacement to maintain efficiency.
That means, in addition to the purchase price of an air purifier, you should also factor in operating costs and filter replacement costs. Operational costs can easily amount to $50 annually, since you should be running air purifiers near constantly to garner the benefits. Filter replacements can run upwards of $100 a year all told.
How frequently you will have to change filters varies based upon the purifier type and usage. Some filters are reusable and washable, but they require meticulous maintenance, so you don't usually find them on the most effective air purifiers. Reusable filters are generally better at removing larger particles from the air, like dust mites and pollen. You'll also find UV (ultraviolet light) filters on the market, which often claim to destroy biological impurities like mold or bacteria, but many require higher wattage and greater exposure to be effective (not to mention some bacteria is UV-resistant).
Other air purifiers use ionizers to help attract particles like static — negative ions bond to dust and allergens and make them settle out of the air. If you're interested in buying desktop air purifier that uses ionizers, make sure it does not produce ozone, a gas made up of three oxygen atoms that is often marketed as helping break down pollutants, because ozone could be a lung irritant and further aggravate asthma conditions. Usually the air purifiers with ozone will have that listed on packaging or in the marketing descriptions.
What are air purifiers supposed to filter out — and do they actually do it?
Most filters on the market are designed to capture particles like dust and pollen, but don’t catch gases like VOCs (volatile organic compounds) or radon. That would require an adsorbent, like activated carbon. In fact, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) warns that the functionality of air purifiers is limited in terms of filtering out gases, and that you must frequently replace filters for optimal functionality, usually about every three or so months.
Many air purifiers are good at filtering pollutant particles out of the air (dust, smoke, pollen, etc.), but they are not necessarily very good at removing gaseous pollutants like VOCs or radon from the air that may accumulate from adhesives, paints, or cleaning products. Allergens that are embedded into furniture or flooring are also not captured by them.
Additionally, the effectiveness of air purifiers in real-world situations likely won’t mimic those of controlled conditions in a lab (what those "99% effectiveness" claims are referring to!). The location, installation, flow rate, and how long it is operating for will all vary, as will the conditions in the space. In addition, there are other things happening in your home that may effect the efficacy like ventilation (open or closed windows), and new particles are constantly emerging, so the air may not as filtered as the claims may have you believe.
Can air purifiers filter the outdoor air that enters your home?
Sometimes, non-organic air pollutants — like the VOCs we mentioned previously — can originate from outside your home. "There are all sorts of scenarios in structure fires where large doses of smoke inhalation may lead to cyanide toxicity. But that would largely need to be someone who was standing directly in or near the fire: Those people are brought to emergency rooms immediately," Dr. Roten explains. "Generally, outside pollution or smoke or temporary bad air isn't a constant concern for bystanders."
But the right kind of purifier can address any environmental air qualities in your locale. Using nearby wildfires as an example, Dr. Roten adds that a HEPA filter-equipped purifier is your best bet: "Anything that has a true HEPA filter in it is probably adequate enough to filter out most all the large particles that would be concerning," he says. "Most of the smoky smell will also be addressed as well."
So… should I buy an air purifier?
Before you do, know that air purifiers are not a cure-all. There is very little medical evidence to support that air purifiers directly help improve your health or alleviate allergies and respiratory symptoms. That’s due in part to the fact that it is very difficult to separate the effects of known air-quality pollutants in your home from other environmental and genetic factors. (For instance, how are the furnishings and ventilation in your home affecting you in addition to any indoor pollutants?) But if you are an allergy or asthma sufferer, an air purifier with a HEPA filter may be helpful for you as it will be good at removing fine airborne particles.