Solar Panels are a great way to offset energy costs, reduce the environmental impact of your home and provide a host of other benefits, such as supporting local businesses and contributing to energy independence.



Although sunny days will produce more solar energy, Monocrystalline Panels will continue to draw energy even when the weather is cloudy. Indirect, or diffused, sunlight will still help to power your home. Cloudy days usually produce around 10 to 20 percent of the power generated on sunny days.

2. Earn tax credits and rebates.
I didn’t realize how big of a benefit this one would be, but our solar panels are actually paying us. To start, you will get 30 percent of total system costs back from equipment and installation as a federal income tax credit when you file your taxes. This means you would save $7,500 on a solar system worth $25,000.
The investment has a payback period of only 3.5 years, while the Polycrystalline Panels have a warranty of 10 years and useful life of 25 years—which means you generate free electricity and extra credits for 20+ years. It's hard to beat. It's both socially responsible and economically profitable.

Solar panels are usually made from silicon, which provides a semi-conductor surface. The panels sit within a metal frame encased in glass. When particles of light – photons – hit the silicon of each individual solar panel, electrons become agitated. This creates a photovoltaic (PV) charge, which in turn produces an electrical direct current (DC). The panel’s wiring captures this current, and it's the Solar Inverter that converts the DC to an alternating current (AC). Solar inverters connect the solar panel system to the existing electrical meter, or it feeds the power to the electrical grid.



When comparing quotes for different Energy Storage Systems, it can be difficult to determine which characteristics and technical specifications matter most and with good reason: the home energy storage industry is so new that you probably don’t know anybody with a battery who you can ask about their experience. While every battery has to meet certain reliability and safety requirements in order to be sold and installed in the US, outside of those standards there is very little standardization of specs and characteristics across the batteries available on the market today. We’ve provided some tips on what to look for when comparing different battery quotes.



A Solar Storage Battery stores electricity for later use, so you can keep appliances running during a power outage, use more of the solar energy you produce at your home, and even save money on electricity in some cases. They are often referred to as "deep cycle batteries", due to their ability to charge and discharge a significant amount of electricity compared to something like a car battery.



If you want to power more of your home at once, look for a Residential Wall Battery with a high power rating

What Is Silk?
Silk Yarns are natural fibers produced by insects as a material for their nests and cocoons. There are several types of insects that produce silk, including silkworms (the most common type of silk), beetles, honey bees, bumble bees, hornets, weaver ants, and many more. Made primarily of a protein called fibroin, silk is known for its shine and softness as a material.

What Is the History of Silk Production?
The earliest example of Silk Fabrics comes from China when it was used in a child’s tomb to wrap the body. China dominated the silk industry for many years, and initially the material was reserved for the Emperor. The Chinese used silk as a form of currency, and cost was measured in lengths of silk. The Silk Road, which connected industries from the East to the West, was a popular trading route named for the material, and that region of the world, still maintains the name today.
Eventually, silk production moved to Korea, Thailand, India, and Europe. The material finally made its way to the U.S. in the seventeenth century. King James, I introduced silk to the colonies, but many of the country’s early settlers couldn’t afford the material. Patterson, New Jersey and Manchester, Connecticut both became centers of silk production in the United States, until the trade and production was disrupted by World War II, leading to the creation of synthetic fabrics like nylon.

How Is Silk Made?
The process of making Silk Crepe Satin Fabric is called sericulture, and it involves harvesting silkworms for the material.



Silk is known for its beautiful drape and absorbent nature, along with other positive factors, including:

• Texture. Silk Twill Fabric is incredibly soft with a flattering sheen, giving it a high-end and luxurious appeal.
  Silk is primarily used in garments and household items, but it is also employed in unexpected ways, such as in bicycle tires and in medicine. Silk Stretch Fabric is great for summer clothing because of its absorbent nature and how it wicks moisture, and it is also a staple for winter wear since it has low conductive properties. Here are some examples of the material’s many uses.
  
  2. Bridal and formal wear. Silk is a staple of many gowns and dresses thanks to its beautiful drape, and the long floats of yarn on one side create a dressy and lustrous appearance.
     
     
  3. Ties and scarves. The material’s strength and nuances with color make it ideal for accessories. Many high-end ties are made from heavy silk, which allows for tightly woven patterns, rich colors, and durable material. Silk is also a great material for scarves for both decoration and for warmth.
     
     
  4. Bedding. Silk Scarves sheets are the height of luxury and the material’s softness and absorbent nature makes it truly shine in the bedroom.
     Home Textiles can be defined as the textiles used for home furnishing. It consists of a various range of functional as well as decorative products used mainly for decorating our houses. The fabrics are used for home textiles consist of both natural and man-made fibers. Sometimes we also blend these fibres to make the fabrics stronger. Generally, home textiles are produced by weaving, knitting, crocheting, knotting, or pressing fibers together.

One of the most common methods of converting plastics from the raw material form to an article of use is the process of Plastic Injection Mold. This process is most typically used for thermoplastic materials which may be successively melted, reshaped and cooled. Injection moulded components are a feature of almost every functional manufactured article in the modern world, from automotive products through to food packaging. This versatile process allows us to produce high quality, simple or complex components on a fully automated basis at high speed with materials that have changed the face of manufacturing technology over the last 50 years or so.To understand the engineering and operation of modern day injection moulding machines, it is useful to first look at the not too distant origins of the process. The first Automotive Injection Mold machines were based around pressure die casting technology used for metals processing, with patents registered in the USA in the 1870's specifically for celluloid processing. Further major industrial developments did not occur until the 1920's when a series of hand operated machines were produced in Germany to process thermoplastic materials. A simple lever arrangement was used to clamp a two piece mould together. Molten plastic was then injected into the mould to produce the moulded component. Being an inherently low pressure process, it was limited in use. Pneumatic cylinders were added to the machine design to close the mould, although little improvement was made. Hydraulic systems were first applied to injection moulding machinery in the late 1930's as a wider range of materials became available, although the machine design was still largely related to die casting technology.
Large-scale development of Plastic Mold Packaging design towards the machines we know today did not occur until the 1950's in Germany. Earlier machines were based on a simple plunger arrangement to force the material into the mould, although these machines soon became inadequate as materials became more advanced and processing requirements became more complex. The main problem with a straightforward plunger arrangement was that no melt mixing or homogenisation could be readily imparted to the thermoplastic material. This was exacerbated by the poor heat transfer properties of a polymeric material. One of the most important developments in machine design to overcome this problem, which still applies to modern processing equipment today, was the introduction to the injection barrel of a plunging helical screw arrangement. The machine subsequently became known as a 'Reciprocating Screw' injection moulding machine.


is held at a temperature well below the thermoplastic melt point. The molten thermoplastic solidifies quickly within the mould, allowing ejection of the component after a pre determined period of cooling time. The basic Plastic Injection Molding process steps with a reciprocating screw machine are as follows.



Many systems are available for opening/closing and clamping of mould tools, although usually they are of two general types. Direct Hydraulic Lock is a system where the moving machine platen is driven by a hydraulic piston arrangement which also generates the required force to keep the mould shut during the Clean Room Injection Molding operation. Alternatively, smaller auxiliary pistons may be used to carry out the main movement of the platen and a mechanical blocking arrangement is used to transfer locking pressure from a pressure intensifier at the rear of the machine, which moves only by a few millimetres, through to the platen and tool.At this stage in the machine cycle the helical form injection screw (Figure 1) is in a 'screwed back' position with a charge of molten thermoplastic material in front of the screw tip roughly equivalent to or slightly larger than that amount of molten material required to fill the mould cavity. LSR Injection Molding screws are generally designed with length to diameter ratios in the region of 15:1 to 20:1, and compression ratios from rear to front of around 2 : 1 to 4 : 1 in order to allow for the gradual densification of the thermoplastic material as it melts. A check valve is fitted to the front of the screw such as to let material pass through in front of the screw tip on metering (material dosing), but not allow material to flow back over the screw flights on injection. The screw is contained within a barrel which has a hardened abrasion resistant inner surface.


Deep-well plates are used in a wide variety of applications including compound storage, fraction collection, sample mixing and preparation. Choosing the correct Deep Well Plate for your application can mean the difference between indifferent and great results.

The staple of protective Disposable Clothing is The Type 5 & 6 coverall, alternatively known as “disposable”, "single-use" or sometimes even "paper" coveralls (although they are not paper!). They are relatively simple to produce, throw-away and comparatively cheap. Consequently, many users focus on price as the main criteria of selection – especially given the complexity of the many options available on the market.
Disposable Coveralls are as much an item of PPE as any other type of safety equipment. They are designed to protect against hazards that – whilst not immediately life threatening in the way that concentrated sulphuric acid or a brick falling from a great height is – may result in serious consequences... especially in the long term.
Disposable Type 5 & 6 coveralls are not all the same and just like any other PPE ensuring appropriate protection means understanding the differences so that the right coverall – the best choice for the application – can be selected.


The European standards for chemical protective Disposable Gown originally identified 6 “types” of chemical protection, labelling them as “Types” 1 to 6. Whilst there are now only 5 after Type 2 was removed by the 2015 version of EN 943, these “Types” have become by-words for the different clothing suitable for the types of protection identified:-
What are face masks?

Disposable Face Masks such as cloth or fabric masks act as a simple barrier and work as "source control".

Disposable Headwear is lightweight and comfortable to wear, but also inexpensive, simple to use and provides effective protection against product contamination. Bouffant caps not only prevent contamination but also keep hair away from workers' eyes, therefore increasing their efficiancy during work.
What are Disposable Bed Sheets?

As the name suggests, Disposable Non-Woven Bed Sheets are those that you can dispose of when necessary. They are biodegradable, which means that you don’t have to worry about destroying the environment. Just pop the used sheets in the compost and move on with things.

These sheets are easy to put on, as well as remove from the bed. They’re thick enough to protect your mattress, and they save a lot of effort and time in the morning. Their major advantage, though, is the fact that they’re compostable, which means you do not have to worry about washing them. Just use and dispose of.

Disposable bed sheets provide a versatile and highly cost-effective solution while still assuring optimum comfort and hygiene. They come in various sizes and are often white so they will easily go with the rest of your room.



Disposable Footwear acts as a barrier to their surrounding environment and stop the spread of contaminants that come into contact with your shoes. By wearing shoe covers, you can help eliminate the spread of dirt, dust, and germs; this can be from the outdoors or from other rooms, simply by changing your shoe covers before entering a new room or space. Using shoe covers helps keep your surrounding environment clean and free from unwanted materials.

Disposable Shoes Covers are an important part of PPE precautions. Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 virus, PPE, including shoe covers, has played a massive role in protecting healthcare workers and slowing the spread of COVID-19. Shoe covers can protect those who work in all healthcare fields, including hospitals, doctors’ offices, nursing homes, outpatient care, and more. They can also help eliminate spreading harmful particles, dirt, and debris to different areas of the hospital, office, workplace, etc.

It is the most common manufacturing process for frames made of plastic, the material is injected into a mold of the shape of the frame. That process is inexpensive and it is used for entry level products in the fitness range as well as for street Skating Frames.

Pressed frames


HOW THE SKATE BLADES FUNCTION

Every Ice Skate Blade has an inside and outside edge and a groove between the edges, called the "flat" of the blade.


It may be said that the Wheels Aluminium Hub is the heart of the wheel and certainly has a big job to carry out. Firstly, the hub provides an anchor point for the spokes and holds the bearings in place so the wheel can spin. Secondly, the rear hub holds the cassette or sprocket which transmits the forces from pedalling via the hub body to the spokes ultimately propelling the rider forward. Lastly, the hub provides a sound mounting point for the brake rotor and an anchor point- through the use of quick release or bolts- to keep the wheels and frame attached.
The Alu Spacer is a spacer profile manufactured with special aluminium alloys, is characterised by the following dimensions: height of 6.5 millimetres, length of 4, 5 or 6 metres, and width ranging from 4 to 26.5 millimetres. The thickness varies according to the end-use of the spacer. The bars can be packed into cardboard boxes of different lengths (4, 5 or 6 metres) or into steel containers with a capacity of 5 or 6 metres. In the latter case, thin sheets of paper can be inserted between the bars in order to keep them separate and the spacers can be fastened into bundles of 17 bars. It can be used in the production of frames with corner keys, bent using all current bending machines available on the market and also supplied, on request, with pre-inserted plastic or steel connectors. Its range can be supplied in the following colors: Mill Finish, Anodized, Anodized Gold, Anodized Clear Bronze, Anodized Black, Painted White, Painted Black and Painted Medium Bronze. Further, for huge orders, we can provide our customers with non-standard products in order to satisfy their particular needs.

The sheer range of stuff available in a typical bike shop can be bewildering. What’s a hydration bladder? Why might you need a turbo trainer? Are mudguards really necessary?
In reality, many people cycle happily in their normal clothes, possibly with just a rucksack to carry things.
But if you do ride regularly, whether to keep fit or for commuting, there are a number of Bicycle Accessories that can make your time on two wheels easier, safer and more comfortable. Some are essential, while others are nice to have.

A Mobile Laboratory, which scientists may move from location to location, is a self-sufficient laboratory. A mobile laboratory may process biological, chemical, or other data, depending on the equipment installed in it. Some mobile laboratories are mobile classrooms or teaching facilities. Often companies rent or lease mobile laboratories instead of owning one. Frequently, private laboratory and research companies use mobile laboratories to travel to the customer's location.
During the Middle Ages, people tried to escape the plague by sequestering themselves-not an easy task (then or now). Dealing with infectious diseases still comes down to containing the spread.
Modern hospitals have isolation down to a science, literally. Nowadays, it means having a room or unit in which the infected air is rerouted, away from other patients and hospital staff. One way to do this is with Negative Pressure Wards, in which a lower air pressure allows outside air into the room; any air that flows out of the room has to pass through a filter. By contrast, a positive pressure room maintains a higher pressure inside the treated area than that outside it. Clean filtered air is pumped in; if there’s a leak, the air is forced out of the room. Positive pressure rooms are usually used for patients with compromised immune systems; negative pressure rooms are common in infection control, to ensure infectious germs don’t spread via the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system.
A Negative Pressure Observation Room room is particularly crucial when something like coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) strikes-this new virulent killer is too much of an unknown quantity to take even the smallest chances of spreading. But the need for such rooms can put extreme stress on hospitals, which are not always ready to handle influxes of infected patients-let alone in the massive numbers of the COVID-19 pandemic. In New York, the current epicenter of the pandemic, total cases crested to 75,000 in early April-and the peak hadn’t even been reached yet.

When health systems need to open an Assembly Hospital during a public health emergency such as the coronavirus pandemic, they should be guided by emergency management principles, the lead author of a recent journal article on opening a field hospital says.

COVID-19 patients who can be transferred from hospitals and cared for safely before being discharged home.

The recent journal article, which was published by Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, features the planning effort for a 500-bed Assembly Field Hospital at Michigan Medicine—the health system affiliated with the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. Planning for the alternate care site (ACS) began in March 2020, when modeling predicted that Michigan Medicine's 1,000-bed acute care capacity would be overwhelmed by April 10.

Electric Welding Machine refers to machines apparatus, and jigs and fixtures required for the fabrication of welded articles from semifinished stock. A welding position, or station, is a set of welding equipment for operations that require some degree of participation by a welder. A welding line combines several welding stations.

Welding stations may be used in arc welding, resistance welding, gas welding, electron-beam welding, or other methods. The welding equipment includes the ARC Stick Welding Machine, power supplies, and devices directly used to conduct the welding process, jigs and fixtures for the rapid assembly of the parts to be welded, for holding the parts during welding, and for preventing or reducing warpage of the welded articles, auxiliary equipment used for transporting the parts during welding and for mounting and transporting the welding apparatus, and various other tools used by the welder. Various transport means and instruments for controlling weld quality are also used in the welding process. The technical characteristics of welding equipment are determined by the welding method chosen, the type of production, and the degree of mechanization, that is, whether manual, semiautomatic, or automatic welding is performed.

Welding stations include power supplies and equipment for the regulation of the arc during welding. Power supplies used in welding should provide a convenient, continuous or step control and must satisfy general requirements for electric machines and equipment. AC DC TIG Welding Machine, transformers, generators, and rectifiers are used in electric welding; gas generators are used in gas welding. Power supplies may be single-position or multiposition types, stationary installations for continuous, long-term operation, or small, portable units for work of short duration.

A welding transformer is used to match the parameters of the welding circuit and the power supply; it also functions as a voltage regulator. In Stud Welding Machine, the voltage is regulated mechanically or electrically. In the former case, the distance between the primary and secondary windings is altered. Electrical regulation is accomplished by changing the control currents in supplementary windings, located on the upper and middle field frames of the transformer. In this method, the secondary winding is divided into two sections, one of which is located in the upper window of the transformer. Such a transformer is capable of producing various no-load voltages without a change in the turn ratio; this property is required for welding adjustments. Welding transformers used in resistance welding have a minimum short-circuit resistance and a secondary winding that usually consists of one or two turns. Changes in secondary voltage are achieved by tapping sections of the turns of the primary winding.


Air Plasma Cutting Machines are becoming an increasingly common tool in many industries such as metal fabrication, construction and automotive repair. This tool is able to cut through several types of metal including steel, copper, brass and aluminium by generating an extremely high-temperature, electrical channel of ionised gas otherwise known as plasma.
To create the 4th matter – the plasma – the cutter sends an electric arc through a gas, (either oxygen, nitrogen or argon) which rapidly increases the heat levels to the point where it goes beyond a solid, liquid or gas and becomes plasma. The machine will then use the plasma to transfer the energy to any conductive metal, allowing it to cut through with very little or no resistance. This method results in a clean, fast cutting process.

Laser Welding Machine or laser beam welding is one of the most widely known, accurate types of welding processes. It is a non-contact, high power density welding process used to join multiple pieces of material together using energy emanating from a laser beam. Aerospace, defense and military, medical, electronics, petrochemical refining, communications and energy are some of the common areas where laser welding techniques are applied extensively.

The kart’s Transmission Parts consist of a chain, gear wheel and sprocket. Elements that we all know but which, unlike other vehicles, for example, bicycles or motorcycles, are subjected to greater stress due to the forces involved and the absence of flexible couplings. The common mistake is neglecting maintenance and not knowing how to recognize the alarm bells that necessitate the replacement of a worn component. It must be said that a transmission failure, for example, chain breaking, can also affect the engine. In the case of engines without a rev limiter, an overspeed could occur with consequent damage to the connecting rod which would therefore be replaced with certainly higher costs than those that can be incurred to keep the chain-gear wheel-sprocket fully efficient, thus reducing this type of fault and damage.
The majority of bikes on the market today have external drivetrains, which have been refined into simple, lightweight and efficient systems. Gears are changed on the cassette (a set of Sprockets on the rear wheel) by the rear derailleur. This shifts the chain up or down the cassette. As the derailleur moves to change gear it forces the chain against ramps or steps, moving it onto a bigger or smaller sprocket.

The bike may also have a front derailleur, which shifts the chain between chainrings attached to the cranks. The Gears at the front provide large jumps, which effectively change the range of your gears so that they are more suited to high speed, flat terrain or low-speed climbing. The cassette allows you to select your gear more precisely within that range as you modulate your effort.

There are lots of hub gear options available, but the most common are from Shimano, SRAM, Sturmey Archer and well-known manufacturer Rohloff. With systems ranging from three to 14 gears, there’s a wide range of options for whatever terrain you find yourself on. Both gearboxes and hub gears can also be used with Car Belt drives. This requires even less maintenance than a chain because there are no links to lube, meaning they are also much cleaner than an oily chain.
Gear and Pulley drive systems are common methods of transmitting motion from a source to an end load. Almost everyone can recognize belt and pulley drive systems, even without an engineering background. They are commonly used in everyday devices, but they are also present in industrial machines. Understanding the differences between the two systems can help design the correct repair and maintenance methods to ensure that they remain in service as long as possible.


The principle behind today’s modern Hydraulic Parts systems started in the mid-17th century when French mathematician and physicist Blaise Pascal concluded: A change in pressure at any point in an enclosed fluid at rest is transmitted undiminished to all points in the fluid.
From chemical processing to oil and gas processing to food and beverage processing, the correct selection of hydraulic components is critical to the change in pressure, safety and service life of the system. Regardless of the industry, and depending on the specific operating requirements, a single system can have both flexible hose and metal tubing. One part of the system may have moving parts operated by hydraulic fluid, which require flexible hose, while another part of the system carrying food product (i.e. beverages) requires a stainless steel tube and fittings that are stationary.
Stainless steel hydraulic Metal Fittings are best for food and beverage processing applications, while hydraulic fracking (which carries hydrochloric acid, oil and water) requires special high-pressure Hydraulic Hose assemblies. Hydraulic fracking hose assemblies may have fittings and flanges made of carbon steel, stainless, Hastelloy, Monel, Duplex or other alloys.

Process versus discrete manufacturing

Obviously, one of the important factors to consider when choosing a Gaming Chair is how comfortable it is. The chances are you’re going to be parking your behind in it for a good chunk of time, so you need to make sure it’s providing enough comfort to keep you well focussed on gaming rather than the creeping numbness in your backside.
Gaming chairs have been built with comfort in mind – manufacturers are well aware that we gamers have no time limit when it comes to smiting the Alliance in WoW, or blundering through battle royales in Fortnite – which also ties into ergonomics
Does the chair have enough lumbar support? Is it designed for someone of your height and build? Are the armrests adjustable? There are a lot of ergonomic factors that can harm your alignment when you’re sat down. Handrail Gaming Chairs are meant to combat these and keep you comfortable for as long as possible, so make sure that’s what they’re doing.

Material
When it comes to Game Chair With Footrest, you’re going to be looking at the three most popular material options: leather, fabric, and mesh. They each have their own benefits and drawbacks, so this will all come down to personal preference.


Space can be a serious concern for many passionate gamers. As a gamer, you have to organize and maintain a lot of things like – cables, gaming headset, keyboard, gaming mouse, PC or laptop, speakers, etc. Sadly, not everyone is blessed with ample space to keep the gaming zone organised and picture perfect.

Gaming Desks play an un-replaceable role in helping you to create that extra space which would enhance your gaming experience. Either you have a cosy office room or you are sharing a little space for yourself along with your friends in a dorm, you would witness the magic a gaming desk does when you use it.

When you sit in front of computer for long hours, you know better what you are prone to. Wrist pain, thumb pains, headache, neck pain and such joint pains. If you have been under the notion that gaming desks are only for gamin, rethink again. The entire setup of the Z Shaped Gaming Desk is such that you can use it for multiple purposes – work, personal use and gaming. Most gaming desks are designed ergonomically so that they do not distract you and you will have no pain or discomfort during and after 
It’s no exaggeration to claim that the Office Chair is one of the most important design objects in our daily lives: the average white collar worker spends five and a half hours a day sitting at work.

Given the modern materials, clean lines and mechanical complexity of high-end office chairs today, it may be surprising to learn that the office chair as we know it today was born more than a century ago. By tracking how the office chair evolved with the changing nature of work, we can better understand how we ended up sitting on kinetic sculptures of mesh and metal today, and where the office chair might go next.

The Industrial Revolution Gave Birth To Office Chairs
Before the nineteenth century, most of the global workforce was employed in agrarian labor—an “office chair” was only relevant for the wealthy, government officials and academics. In fact, Charles Darwin is the earliest known adopter of a proto-PU Leather Office Chair,

It looks dated, but the Mesh Office Chair was surprisingly functional by today’s standards. Made of cast iron and upholstered in velvet, the chair’s standard features included full tilt movement enabled by four large springs concealed in the frame, a revolving seat, and casters for movement.

The chair sold poorly outside the United States, because the Victorian norms prevailing in the Anglophone world at the time viewed comfortable seating as immoral. The Centripetal Chair was too ergonomic for its time.

The quality of wood materials for Office Desks varies greatly. Hardwoods 

Wood, however, offers a timeless beauty to any office, and with the versatility of design elements in the woodworking itself, as well as varieties of stains and paints, there’s virtually nothing a Wood Office Desk cannot be, design-wise.

A Solvent Dye is a type of color dye that dissolves in organic solvents, creating a solution. The ability to mix with solvents is due to the non-polar nature of the dye chemicals. This class of colorings is used in a range of products including ink, plastics, and resins. Within the class of solvent dyes, there are other types of dyes that relate to specific colors, such as red or yellow and green or blue.Unlike other colorings, Solvent Red Dyes do not easily ionize. Ionization refers to a compound's ability to change polarity by gaining or losing an electron from another compound. This function is why solvent dyes do not dissolve in water, a highly polar substance. This dye class tends to be made of aromatic, colored compounds that easily dissolve. The naming sySolvent Yellow Dyes are also known as azo dyes. These are synthetic and contain a nitrogen double bonded to another nitrogen. This is known as an azo group. As many as 70 percent of all textile and food dyes are azo colors.
Green and blue dyes are commonly known as anthraquinone dyes. Anthraquinones are chemicals that have the molecular structure containing 14 carbons, eight hydrogens and two oxygens. By adding an amino group of hydroxyl group to the basic structure, a range of colors is created.


Metal Complex Dyes are premetallised dyes that show great affinity towards protein fibers. In this dye one or two dye molecules are coordinated with a metal ion. The dye molecule is typically a monoazo structure containing additional groups such as hydroxyl, carboxyl or amino, which are capable of forming a strong co-ordination complexes with transition metal ions such as chromium, cobalt, nickel and copper.
Metal Complex Red Dyes belong to numerous application classes of dyes. For example, they are found among direct, acid, and reactive dyes. When applied in the dyeing processes, metal-complex dyes are used in pH conditions that are regulated by user class and the type of fiber type (wool, polyamide, etc).

Basic Dyes and its application in dyeing and printing process are interesting. Jute fiber and its generated products are treated with basic dyes. I have written about the jute fabric printing with basic dyes in one of my blog post. I think that's will help you to know about the printing proce


Many new dyers are often nervous about Acid Dyes when they first hear of them; they think the dyes themselves are harsh flesh eating caustic acids. In reality the acid dyes available to the home dyer are non-caustic and very safe to use. A few are even safe enough to eat - such as those sold as food coloring or used in popular drink mixes (please don't eat the dyes). Most broad use "over the counter" all-purpose dyes, like Rit® and Jacquard's all-purpose iDye, have an acid dye component included to dye protein fibers. When home dyeing, Acid Dyes should, of course, be handled with the normal care that you would handle any concentrated powdered dye or craft chemical, which is wear a dust mask when mixing the powders, wear gloves, use good housekeeping procedures, you know the drill.



Direct Dyes are defined as anionic dyes with substantivity for cellulosic fibres, normally applied from an aqueous dyebath containing an electrolyte, either sodium chloride (NaCl) or sodium sulfate (Na2SO4). The dyeing process with direct dyes is very simple, Direct dyeing is normally carried out in a neutral or slight alkaline dyebath, at or near boiling point, but a separate after treatment such as cationic dye fixing, to enhance wet fastness has been necessary for most direct dyeing.

Chemically they are salts of complex sulfonic acids. More than 75% of all direct dyes are unmetallised azo structures, great majority of them are disazo or polyazo types. Their ionic nature is anionic and are soluble in water. They have an affinity for a wide variety of fibers such as cotton, viscose, silk jute, linen etc. They do not make any permanent chemical bond with the cellulosic fibers but are attached to it via very week hydrogen bonding as well as vander waals forces. Their flat shape and their length enable them to lie along-side cellulose fibers and maximize the Van-der-Waals, dipole and hydrogen bonds.



Vat Dyes, which include indigo and anthraquinone-based dyes, are chemically complex dyes which are insoluble in water. They must first be reduced to the leuco form in an alkaline solution of sodium hydrosulfite before application to the cotton or rayon fiber. Air oxidation fixes the dye strongly on the fiber, resulting in excellent wash-fastness and light-fastness. The vat dyes were one of the most significant textile dye inventions in the 20th century.