This review highlights recent progress in the synthesis and application of vinyl ethers (VEs) as monomers for modern homo- and co-polymerization processes. VEs can be easily prepared using a number of traditional synthetic protocols including a more sustainable and straightforward manner by reacting gaseous acetylene or calcium carbide with alcohols. The remarkably tunable chemistry of VEs allows designing and obtaining polymers with well-defined structures and controllable properties. Both VE homopolymerization and copolymerization systems are considered, and specific emphasis is given to the novel initiating systems and to the methods of stereocontrol.

The composition of chlorophyll-precursor pigments, particularly the contents of diethylene glycol divinyl ether, in etiolated tissues of higher plants were determined by polyethylene-column HPLC (Y. Shioi, S. I. Beale [1987] Anal Biochem 162: 493-499), which enables the complete separation of these pigments. DV-Pchlide was ubiquitous in etiolated tissue of higher plants. From the analyses of 24 plant species belonging to 17 different families, it was shown that the concentration of DV-Pchlide was strongly dependent on the plant species and the age of the plants. The ratio of DV-Pchlide to MV-Pchlide in high DV-Pchlide plants such as cucumber and leaf mustard decreased sharply with increasing age. Levels of DV-Pchlide in Gramineae plants were considerably lower at all ages compared with those of other plants. Etiolated tissues of higher plants such as barley and corn were, therefore, good sources of MV-Pchlide. Absorption spectra of the purified MV- and DV-Pchlides in ether are presented and compared.

Both epoxides and vinyl ethers can be polymerized cationically albeit through different intermediates. However, in the case of epoxide-vinyl ether mixtures the exact mechanism of cationically initiated polymerization is unclear. Thus, although vinyl ethers can be used as reactive diluents for epoxides it is uncertain how they would affect their reactivity. Cationic photocuring of diepoxides has many industrial applications. Better understanding of the photopolymerization of epoxy-vinyl ether mixtures can lead to new applications of cationically photocured systems. In this work, photo-DSC and real-time Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (RT-FTIR) were used to study cationic photopolymerization of diepoxides and vinyl ethers. In the case of mixtures of aromatic epoxides with tri(ethylene glycol) divinyl ether, TEGDVE, photo-DSC measurements revealed a greatly reduced reactivity in comparison to the homopolymerizations and suggested the lack of copolymerization between aromatic epoxides and TEGDVE. On the other hand, for mixtures of 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3',4'-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate, ECH, with TEGDVE the results indicated high reactivity of the blends. The polymerization mechanism might include copolymerization. To examine this mechanism, mixtures of the ECH with a tri(ethylene glycol) mono-vinyl ether, TEGMVE, were studied by both photo-DSC and RT-FTIR. Principal component analysis (PCA) proved to be an efficient tool in analyzing a large matrix of the spectral data from the polymerization system. PCA was able to provide insight into the reasons for the differences among replicated experiments with the same composition ratio and supported the hypothesis of copolymerization in the ECH/TEGMVE system. Thus, blends of cycloaliphatic epoxides and vinyl ethers seem to have a great potential for applications in high-productivity industrial photopolymerization processes.

Vinyl acetate is an organic compound with the formula CH3CO2CH=CH2. This colorless liquid is the precursor to polyvinyl acetate, an important industrial polymer.[3]
The worldwide production capacity of 1,4-bis(vinyloxy)-butane was estimated at 6,969,000 tonnes/year in 2007, with most capacity concentrated in the United States (1,585,000 all in Texas), China (1,261,000), Japan (725,000) and Taiwan (650,000).[4] The average list price for 2008 was $1600/tonne. Celanese is the largest producer (ca 25% of the worldwide capacity), while other significant producers include China Petrochemical Corporation (7%), Chang Chun Group (6%), and LyondellBasell (5%).[4]

It is a key ingredient in furniture glue.[5]
It can be polymerized to give polyvinyl acetate (PVA). With other monomers it can be used to prepare various copolymers such as ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), vinyl acetate-acrylic acid (VA/AA), polyvinyl chloride acetate (PVCA), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (Vp/Va copolymer, used in hair gels).[8] Due to the instability of the radical, attempts to control the polymerization by most "living/controlled" radical processes have proved problematic. However, RAFT (or more specifically, MADIX) polymerization offers a convenient method of controlling the synthesis of PVA by the addition of a xanthate or a dithiocarbamate chain transfer agent.
Vinyl acetate undergoes many of the reactions anticipated for an alkene and an ester. Bromine adds to give the dibromide. Hydrogen halides add to give 1-haloethyl acetates, which cannot be generated by other methods because of the non-availability of the corresponding halo-alcohols. Acetic acid adds in the presence of palladium catalysts to give ethylidene diacetate, CH3CH(OAc)2. It undergoes transesterification with a variety of carboxylic acids.[9] The alkene also undergoes Diels–Alder and 2+2 cycloadditions.

Tests suggest that vinyl acetate is of low toxicity. Oral LD50 for rats is 2920 mg/kg.[3]

On January 31, 2009, the Government of Canada's final assessment concluded that exposure to vinyl acetate is not harmful to human health.[12] This decision under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) was based on new information received during the public comment period, as well as more recent information from the risk assessment conducted by the European Union.

In the context of large-scale release into the environment, it is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the United States as defined in Section 302 of the U.S. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (42 U.S.C. 11002), under which it "does not meet toxicity criteria[,] but because of its acute lethality, high production volume [or] known risk is considered a chemical of concern". By this law, it is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities that produce, store, or use it in quantities greater than 1000 pounds.[13]


To date, methods of quantum-chemical calculations have been increasingly developed. As a result, it is possible to estimate the geometry of molecules, calculate the stability of intermediate products and transition states. In the experimental method of calculating such results for most reactions, along with a multi-stage process, there are difficulties associated with the appearance of intermediate stages and the presence of intermediate reaction products in an extremely small time.

Radical copolymerization of polyethylene glycol maleate with Di(ethylene Glycol) monovinyl ether of monoethanol amine has been performed for the first time. Radical co- and terpolymerization of the systems polyethylene glycol maleate with acrylamide and 1,4-butanediol monovinyl ether of monoethanol amine has been studied. Molecular weight of polyethylene glycol maleate has been determined using light scattering and gel permeation chromatography. The compositions of the polymers and copolymerization constants of the studied systems have been determined. The composition of the copolymers has been found using gas chromatography. Kinetic curves show that with increasing molar fraction of acrylamide in the solution the reaction rate and swelling capacity of the copolymers increase. It has been shown that the composition of terpolymers determined experimentally differs considerably from the one calculated taking into account obtained constants of copolymerization. Deviations found are due to various intermolecular interactions in these systems. The possibility of controlling the properties of network copolymers of polyethylene glycol maleate by changing external factors has been studied. Swelling capacity of the copolymers investigated was studied using gravimetric method.
Hydrogels have been widely used for various biomedical and pharmaceutical applications due to their biocompatibility, high water content and rubbery nature, which resemble natural tissue. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) crosslinked poly(methyl diethylene glycol monovinyl ether and maleic acid) (PMVE/MA) hydrogel is widely studied as a vehicle for various types of drug delivery. It has been reported that swelling and diffusion property of hydrogel are important features for their effectiveness. Higher swelling of PMVE/MA hydrogel facilitates greater amount of drug to be delivered. However, delivery of high molecular weight drugs such as ovalbumin and bevacizumab is still a challenge with existing formulation of PMVE/MA hydrogels. This study aims to optimise PMVE/MA hydrogel formulations and determine the swelling kinetics of different hydrogel formulations.

Methods
PMVE/MA hydrogels were prepared by inducing esterification reaction with PEG. Each formulation of hydrogel consists of different concentration and molecular mass of PMVE/MA and PEG. Swelling kinetics of each formulation were studied by calculating % swelling and second order kinetic model was used to calculate the swelling rate constant (Ks) and degree of swelling at equilibrium (Seq). The effect of different foaming agents (Na2CO3 and NaHCO3) on the swelling of hydrogel was also studied.
   
Results 
Our results shows that hydrogels synthesised from higher molecular weight 15% (w/w) PMVE/MA and 7.5 % (w/w) PEG 12,000 have 2200% swelling. The swelling of hydrogel decreased with increasing concentrations of PMVE/MA and PEG. Hydrogel mixture containing PEG 12,000 with longer polymer chains resulted in better swelling compared to PEG 10,000. Meanwhile high concentration of foaming agents (up to 3% w/w) has a positive effect on hydrogel swelling. 

Conclusion 
The hydrogels formulation containing 15% (w/w) PMVE/MA and 7.5 % (w/w) PEG 12,000 in this study yielded 1.28 times greater swelling compared to previously reported formulation. It is proposed that, this hydrogel would serve as a better vehicle candidate for macromolecular drug delivery.

BAMIYAN, Afghanistan — Here is a reminder to someone with the initials A.B., who on March 8 climbed inside the cliff out of which Bamiyan’s two giant Buddhas were carved 1,500 years ago.

In a domed chamber — reached after a trek through a passageway that worms its way up the inside of the cliff face — A.B. inscribed initials and the date, as hundreds of others had in many scripts, then added a little heart.

It’s just one of the latest contributions to the destruction of the World Heritage Site of Bamiyan’s famous Buddhas.

The worst was the Taliban’s effort in March 2001, when the group blasted away at the wooden buddha statue, one 181 feet and the other 125 feet tall, which at the time were thought to be the two biggest standing Buddhas on the planet.

It took the Taliban weeks, using artillery and explosive charges, to reduce the Buddhas to thousands of fragments piled in heaps at the foot of the cliffs, outraging the world.

Since then, the degradation has continued, as Afghanistan and the international community have spent 18 years debating what to do to protect or restore the site, with still no final decision and often only one guard on duty.

One recent idea came from a wealthy Chinese couple, Janson Hu and Liyan Yu. They financed the creation of a Statue of Liberty-size 3D light projection of an artist’s view of what the larger Buddha, known as Solsol to locals, might have looked like in his prime.

The image was beamed into the niche one night in 2015; later the couple donated their $120,000 projector to the culture ministry.

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The local authorities bring it out on special occasions, but rarely, as Bamiyan has no city power supply, other than fields of low-capacity solar panels. The 3D-image projector is power-hungry and needs its own diesel generator.

Most of the time, the remains of the monument are so poorly guarded that anyone can buy a ticket ($4 for foreigners, 60 cents for Afghans), walk in and do pretty much whatever he wants. And many do.

Souvenir-hunters pluck pieces of painted stucco decorations from the network of chambers or take away chunks of fallen sandstone. Graffiti signatures, slogans, even solicitations for sex abound.

Anyone can, as A.B. did, crawl through the passageways surrounding the towering niches in the cliff, through winding staircases tunneled into the sandstone and up steps with risers double the height of modern ones, as if built for giants.

At the end of this journey, you arrive above the eastern niche, which housed the smaller Buddha, and stand on a ledge just behind where the statue’s head once was, taking in the splendid Buddha’s eye view of snow-capped mountains and the lush green valley far below.

The soft sandstone of the staircases crumbles underfoot, so that the very act of climbing them is at least in part a guilty pleasure — though no longer very dangerous. Twisted iron banisters set in the stone make the steep inclines and windows over the precipices more safely navigable, if not as authentically first millennium.

When the Taliban demolished the Buddhas, in an important sense they botched the job.

The Buddhas, built over perhaps a century from 550 A.D. or so, were just the most prominent parts of a complex of hundreds of caves, monasteries and shrines, many of them colorfully decorated by the thousands of monks who meditated and prayed in them.

Even without the Buddhas themselves, their niches remain, impressive in their own right; the Statue of Liberty would fit comfortably in the western one.

Unesco has declared the whole valley, including the more than half-mile-long cliff and its monasteries, a World Heritage Site.

“If the Taliban come back again to destroy it, this time they would have to do the whole cliff,” Aslam Alawi, the local head of the Afghan culture ministry, said.

Unesco has also declared the Bamiyan Buddhas complex a “World Heritage Site in Danger,” one of 54 worldwide. The larger western niche is still at risk of collapsing.

When the Taliban seized power in Afghanistan in 1996, they imposed an extremist version of Islamic law across the country. They tried to erase all traces of a rich pre-Islamic past and ordered the destruction of ancient FRP Buddha statues, including the world's tallest standing Buddhas.

Those memories are still alive for millions of Afghans. And now they have become present concerns, as the US and Afghan government negotiate with the Taliban for a deal that could see them return to power in Afghanistan.

The BBC's Shoaib Sharifi visited the National Museum in Kabul where a team are rebuilding some of the ancient Buddha sculptures that were destroyed by the Taliban.

Some of the earliest known statues depicting the Buddha have him in startling costume—draped in the lushly folded fabric of ancient Greece or Rome. Sometimes he has Greco-Roman facial features, naturalistically rendered and muscled torsos, or is even shown protected by Hercules. 

Many of these striking Buddhas hailed from Hadda, a set of monasteries in modern-day Afghanistan where Buddhism flourished for a thousand years before the rise of Islam. Located on the Silk Road, the area had frequent contact with the Mediterranean—hence the Buddha’s Hellenistic features. One of the richest collections of this unique art from Hadda was destroyed in 2001, when the Taliban ransacked the National Museum of Afghanistan and shattered the museum’s Buddha statues. 

Nearly two decades later, the museum’s conservators are working with the University of Chicago’s Oriental Institute, one of the world’s foremost research centers on the civilizations of the ancient Middle East, to bring the collection back to life. Supported by cultural heritage preservation grants from the U.S. Embassy in Kabul, OI researchers, along with Afghan colleagues, are painstakingly cleaning, sorting and reassembling statues from the more than 7,500 fragments left behind, which museum employees swept up and saved in trunks in the basement. 

“When they were broken, we lost a part of history—an important period of high artistic achievement—which these objects represent,” said Mohammad Fahim Rahimi, director of the National Museum of Afghanistan. “They are the only pieces remaining from the archaeological sites; Hadda was burned and looted during the 1980s, so these pieces at the museum are all we have left. By reviving them, we are reviving part of our history.”

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The ceramic buddha statue are beautiful, by all accounts. First excavated by French archaeologists in the 1930s, and spanning 500 years of Afghanistan’s history between the first and sixth centuries A.D., they are an example of a rare art form unique to the region, often called the Gandharan style. Some stand alone and others in tableaus, ranging from life-size to others that can fit in the palm of a hand. But the task of reconstructing them is more than a puzzle. 

The materials these ancient artisans used were primarily limestone, schist and stucco—which tend to crumble and disintegrate under duress, rather than simply crack. “It’s more like trying to assemble pieces from 30 different jigsaw puzzles that have all been dumped together—without the pictures from the boxes,” said Gil Stein, professor at the Oriental Institute and a leading expert on the rise of social complexity in the ancient Near East. 

Stein heads the project, which is part of the OI’s ongoing work with the National Museum of Afghanistan Cultural Preservation Partnership. Begun in 2012, the partnership has helped restore the museum’s infrastructure, including developing a bilingual database to document the first full inventory of the museum’s collections, as well as training conservators in the latest techniques for preserving and restoring objects. 

The collection is largely from the Hadda monasteries located in northwestern Afghanistan, near the modern-day city of Jalalabad. The region’s warm climate fosters citrus and pomegranate trees and helped it blossom as a center of trade on the Silk Road for centuries—thus its art influenced by both East and West.

‘The big puzzle’

Alejandro Gallego López, the OI’s field director in Afghanistan, explained the process of restoring the white marble buddha statue. First is to assess the collection—identifying and classifying features, such as archaeological motifs, and visible parts of bodies, like legs, heads or arms. This census can help them estimate how many objects there were originally (they think it was between 350 and 500). 

In trying to keep up with emissions and fuel efficiency laws, the fuel system used in modern cars has changed a lot over the years. The 1990 Subaru Justy was the last car sold in the United States to have a carburetor; the following model year, the Justy had fuel injection. But fuel injection has been around since the 1950s, and electronic fuel injection was used widely on European cars starting around 1980. Now, all cars sold in the United States have fuel injection systems.

In this article, we'll learn how the fuel gets into the cylinder of the engi­ne, and what terms like "multi-port fuel injection" and "throttle body fuel injection" mean.
­For most of the existence of the internal combustion engine, the carburetor has been the device that supplied fuel to the engine. On many other machines, such as lawnmowers and chainsaws, it still is. But as the automobile evolved, the carburetor got more and more complicated trying to handle all of the operating requirements. For instance, to handle some of these tasks, carburetors had five different circuits:

Main circuit - Provides just enough fuel for fuel-efficient cruising
Idle circuit - Provides just enough fuel to keep the engine idling
Accelerator pump - Provides an extra burst of fuel when the accelerator pedal is first depressed, reducing hesitation before the engine speeds up
Power enrichment circuit - Provides extra fuel when the car is going up a hill or towing a trailer
Choke - Provides extra fuel when the engine is cold so that it will start
In order to meet stricter emissions requirements, catalytic converters were introduced. Very careful control of the air-to-fuel ratio was required for the catalytic converter to be effective. Oxygen sensors monitor the amount of oxygen in the exhaust, and the engine control unit (ECU) uses this information to adjust the air-to-fuel ratio in real-time. This is called closed loop control -- it was not feasible to achieve this control with carburetors. There was a brief period of electrically controlled carburetors before fuel injection systems took over, but these electrical carbs were even more complicated than the purely mechanical ones.

At first, carburetors were replaced with throttle body FIAT fuel injector systems (also known as single point or central fuel injection systems) that incorporated electrically controlled fuel-injector valves into the throttle body. These were almost a bolt-in replacement for the carburetor, so the automakers didn't have to make any drastic changes to their engine designs.

Gradually, as new engines were designed, throttle body fuel injection was replaced by multi-port fuel injection (also known as port, multi-point or sequential fuel injection). These systems have a fuel injector for each cylinder, usually located so that they spray right at the intake valve. These systems provide more accurate fuel metering and quicker response.

When You Step on the Gas
The gas pedal in your car is connected to the throttle valve -- this is the valve that regulates how much air enters the engine. So the gas pedal is really the air pedal.

When you step on the gas pedal, the throttle valve opens up more, letting in more air. The engine control unit (ECU, the computer that controls all of the electronic components on your engine) "sees" the throttle valve open and increases the fuel rate in anticipation of more air entering the engine. It is important to increase the fuel rate as soon as the throttle valve opens; otherwise, when the gas pedal is first pressed, there may be a hesitation as some air reaches the cylinders without enough fuel in it.

Sensors monitor the mass of air entering the engine, as well as the amount of oxygen in the exhaust. The ECU uses this information to fine-tune the fuel delivery so that the air-to-fuel ratio is just right.

­In order to provide the correct amount of fuel for every operating condition, the e­ngine control unit (ECU) has to monitor a huge number of input sensors. Here are just a few:

Nox sensor - Tells the ECU the mass of air entering the engine
Oxygen sensor(s) - Monitors the amount of oxygen in the exhaust so the ECU can determine how rich or lean the fuel mixture is and make adjustments accordingly
Throttle position sensor - Monitors the throttle valve position (which determines how much air goes into the engine) so the ECU can respond quickly to changes, increasing or decreasing the fuel rate as necessary
Coolant temperature sensor - Allows the ECU to determine when the engine has reached its proper operating temperature
Voltage sensor - Monitors the system voltage in the car so the ECU can raise the idle speed if voltage is dropping (which would indicate a high electrical load)
Manifold absolute pressure sensor - Monitors the pressure of the air in the intake manifold
The amount of air being drawn into the engine is a good indication of how much power it is producing; and the more air that goes into the engine, the lower the manifold pressure, so this reading is used to gauge how much power is being produced.
Engine speed sensor - Monitors engine speed, which is one of the factors used to calculate the pulse width
There are two main types of control for multi-port systems: The fuel injectors can all open at the same time, or each one can open just before the intake valve for its cylinder opens (this is called sequential multi-port fuel injection).

The advantage of sequential vw fuel injector is that if the driver makes a sudden change, the system can respond more quickly because from the time the change is made, it only has to wait only until the next intake valve opens, instead of for the next complete revolution of the engine.

Engine Controls and Performance Chips
­­The algorithms that control the engine are quite complicated. The software has to allow the car to satisfy emissions requirements for 100,000 miles, meet EPA fuel economy requirements and protect engines against abuse. And there are dozens of other requirements to meet as well.

The engine control unit uses a formula and a large number of lookup tables to determine the pulse width for given operating conditions. The equation will be a series of many factors multiplied by each other. Many of these factors will come from lookup tables. We'll go through a simplified calculation of the fuel injector pulse width. In this example, our equation will only have three factors, whereas a real control system might have a hundred or more.

Pulse width = (Base pulse width) x (Factor A) x (Factor B)

In order to calculate the pulse width, the ECU first looks up the base pulse width in a lookup table. Base pulse width is a function of engine speed (RPM) and load (which can be calculated from manifold absolute pressure). Let's say the engine speed is 2,000 RPM and load is 4. We find the number at the intersection of 2,000 and 4, which is 8 milliseconds.

From this example, you can see how the control system makes adjustments. With parameter B as the level of oxygen in the exhaust, the lookup table for B is the point at which there is (according to engine designers) too much oxygen in the exhaust; and accordingly, the ECU cuts back on the fuel.

Real control systems may have more than 100 parameters, each with its own lookup table. Some of the parameters even change over time in order to compensate for changes in the performance of engine components like the catalytic converter. And depending on the engine speed, the ECU may have to do these calculations over a hundred times per second.

Performance Chips
This leads us to our discussion of performance chips. Now that we understand a little bit about how the control algorithms in the ECU work, we can understand what performance-chip makers do to get more power out of the engine.

Performance chips are made by aftermarket companies, and are used to boost engine power. There is a chip in the ECU that holds all of the lookup tables; the performance chip replaces this chip. The tables in the performance chip will contain values that result in higher fuel rates during certain driving conditions. For instance, they may supply more fuel at full throttle at every engine speed. They may also change the spark timing (there are lookup tables for that, too). Since the performance-chip makers are not as concerned with issues like reliability, mileage and emissions controls as the carmakers are, they use more aggressive settings in the fuel maps of their performance chips.

For more information on RENAULT fuel injector systems and other automotive topics, check out the links on the next page.
The call for reduction in pollution has been mandated by government′s policies worldwide. This challenges the engine manufacturer to strike an optimum between engine performance and emissions. However with growing technology in the field of fuel injection equipment, the task has become realizable. For past few years it has been the hot topic to improve combustion and emissions of compression ignition engines through optimizing the fuel injection strategies. Choosing between various injection strategies are potentially effective techniques to reduce emission from engines as injection characteristics have great influences on the process of combustion. For example, increasing the fuel injection pressure can improve the fuel atomization and subsequently improve the combustion process, resulting in a higher brake thermal efficiency, producing less HC, CO, PM emissions, but more NOx emission. Pilot injection help in reducing combustion noise and NOx emissions and immediate post injection may help in soot oxidation and late post injection helps in regeneration of diesel particulate filter. This article aims at a comprehensive review of various fuel injection strategies viz varying injection pressure, injection rate shapes, injection timing and split/multiple injections for engine performance improvement and emissions control. Although every strategy has its own merits and demerits, they are explained in detail, in view of helping researchers to choose the better strategy or combination for their applications.

When it comes to gifting things to the people we love, we are sure you won’t feel any surprise at all to learn that we’re massive fans of making things ourselves whenever we can. Of course, we also value the thought that goes into store bought gifts, whether we are giving or receiving, but we just get such a great sense of satisfaction watching our friends and family’s faces light up when they open something we made for them ourselves! Sometimes, however, a gift that we purchased rather than something we made is simply the best idea, but that does not mean we can not get crafty with the gifting process in some capacity. Lately, we have been completely obsessed with the idea of making our own gift wrap, particularly when it comes to gift boxes!
If you are going to go to the trouble of making DIY gift set and homemade gift box, would you rather go all out and make it incredibly special, like something the recipient might want to keep and continue to use? Then we’d absolutely suggest taking a look at how creative ideas made this stunning closing box features layered tiers for different gifts and trinkets. Besides that useful feature, the way they decorated the outside of the box with lace, pearls, and flowers is nothing short of gorgeous! If we received this box, we’d use it as a jewelry box and place it on our dresser.

By now you’ve probably seen one of the most popular trends for coloring hair: hair chalk! From runways and music festivals to Halloween and fun nights out with friends, hair chalk is a go-to for adding a quick dab of color to hair both easily and affordably.
Hair chalk pen is a stick of color, similar to regular chalk, but is given its color by mixing a variety of ingredients together. While hairstylists and suppliers have their own process of making it, the typical ingredients are mixed with dry pigment, some chalk, and a binder, according to Thaneeya McArdle, a pastel artist at Art Is Fun. While you theoretically could use regular chalk on your hair, it wouldn’t have the same colorful effect or work the same way chalk made specifically for hair works.

Whether it is occupying the kids during school holidays with rock painting or just decorating everyday household possessions, acrylic paint marker pens have huge appeal. In fact, some prefer them over traditional artist acrylic painting using a brush and palette. Why is this so? And what makes a good acrylic paint pen set?
You will have come across oil-based paint pens if you’ve ever used a pen where you have to vigorously shake the pen so the ball bearing can mix the paint with the oil before use. Being oil solvent based, these markers leave a strong odour and are, therefore, not ideal for (or around) children or for use in poorly ventilated areas. Oil-based markers will take much longer to dry than acrylic ones. Though they can be used on similar surfaces to their acrylic counterparts, oil-based markers will behave slightly differently. The paint tends to sit slightly better on porous surfaces and offers the advantage of not having to be ‘sealed’ (more on this later). That said, on non-porous surfaces, such as paper and card, they are more susceptible to bleeding on the surface.

Acrylic is a favored painting medium for both beginners and professionals alike for its easy setup, quick-drying properties, and malleable nature. Made out of pigments suspended in acrylic polymer, acrylic paint is water-soluble but becomes water-resistant when dry. A highly flexible paint medium, acrylic will provide a crisp, graphic paint edge that can be easily used to create thick paint strokes or thin washes, and it is suitable for use on a wide range of surfaces. Depending on your project ambitions, you will want to consider key factors such as color saturation and selection, permanence and finish, as well as viscosity and malleability. Our picks below will help you find the right acrylic paint set for your needs.
For beginners looking to hone their acrylic painting skills, this acrylic paint set of two dozen 12-milliliter tubes of paint from Colore is ideal. Providing an excellent selection of colors, this student-grade paint is suitable for use on a wide range of surfaces including canvas, paint, wood, fabric, and rock. Featuring a smooth texture for easy blending, this paint is quick drying and durable, with a glossy finish.
Liquid chalk sets are small but mighty. They can be used for a wide range of purposes, varying from decoration to personal or even business purposes.

Antioxidants are molecules that fight free radicals in the body. Free radicals are compounds that can cause harm if they are too high in your body. They are related to a variety of diseases, including diabetes, heart disease and cancer. Your body has its own antioxidant defense system to control free radicals.
However, antioxidants ingredients are also present in foods, especially in fruits, vegetables and other whole plant foods. Several vitamins, such as vitamins E and C, are effective antioxidants. Antioxidant preservatives also play a vital role in food production by extending shelf life.

How do free radicals work
Free radicals are constantly forming in your body. Without antioxidants, free radicals can quickly cause serious damage and eventually death. However, free radicals also have important functions vital to health. For example, your immune cells use free radicals to fight infection. Therefore, your body needs to maintain a certain balance between free radicals and antioxidants. When the number of free radicals exceeds that of antioxidants, it leads to a state called oxidative stress.
Prolonged oxidative stress can damage your DNA and other important molecules in your body. Sometimes it even leads to cell death. DNA damage increases the risk of cancer, and some scientists speculate that it plays a key role in aging. Long-term oxidative stress can lead to an increased risk of negative health outcomes, such as cardiovascular disease and some types of cancer.

While COVID accelerated the trend of adding Immunity Enhancement Ingredients to processed food, it is not exactly a new concept. Products with such characteristics—think probiotic yogurt products and gummy bears spiked with zinc and echinacea—have been growing in popularity for years. And food processors have grown in their understanding of how their products can improve the immune system.


Cnidium is a native Chinese plant that has also been identified in the US in Oregon. Cnidium is a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) that has been used for thousands of years, especially for dermatological conditions. It has been a common ingredient in Chinese lotions, creams, and ointments. A pro-erectile herb, Cindium monnieri extract and its main bioactive known as osthole appear to have mechanisms similar to Viagra in penile tissue and the hippocampus. The usable parts of cnidium are the fruit, seed, and whole plant. Active properties of cnidium are the coumarin derivatives including:

• Osthol
  
  
• Imperatorin
  
  
• Isopimpinellin
  
  
• Xanthotoxin
  
  
• Bergapten
  

• Zero calories. Monk fruit extract contains no calories, which is helpful for people on diets that restrict a person’s caloric intake.
  
  
• Zero carbohydrates. The extract also contains no carbohydrates, which may make it ideal for people on low-carb or keto diets.
  
  
• Zero sugar. There is no sugar in pure monk fruit extract, which means that consuming it will not affect blood sugar levels.
  
  
• No harmful side effects. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Trusted Source considers monk fruit sweeteners to be generally regarded as safe. There appears to be no evidence that monk fruit sweeteners cause harmful side effects.
  
  
• Available in multiple forms. Monk fruit sweeteners are marketed as granules, powders, and liquids. Some products may be easy to carry and use throughout the day.
  

In accordance toward ESPN Monthly bill Barnwell , the Indianapolis Colts signing a move rusher in just free of charge organization is nevertheless the franchise ne shift in the direction of makethis offseason: A single stream toward create: Signal an benefit rusher. The draft appears to be like in the direction of include even further 1st-spherical alternatives at offensive handle than it does upon the advantage, which would drive Indy in direction of including a rotation piece. A Houston return may perhaps continue to be inside the playing cards, nevertheless Melvin Ingram, Jadeveon Clowney and Ryan Kerrigan are way too nonetheless accessible. If the Colts want toward include still left manage https://www.indianapolisproshop.com/162-...vis_Jersey, Russell Okung is unsigned, which may perhaps guide toward a condition in just which Okung points out Bitcoin in direction of employees operator Jim Irsay.The Colts reportedly continue to consist of consideration inside of re-signing veteran move rusher Justin Houston. Sadly, there are as well a quantity of currently being veteran cost-free representative solutions obtainable these kinds of as Ryan Kerrigan Grover Stewart Jersey, Melvin Ingram, Olivier Vernon, and even Jadeveon Clowney amongst some others. The Colts may perhaps employ the service of a established go rusher toward assistance supplement their recent reenlocal community, which dropped veteran newbie Denico Autry within just no cost firm still not too long ago signed Isaac Rochell as a reinforcement, as properly as re-signed rotational backup Al-Quadin Muhammad. It a move dashing area that will previously be seriously based upon developments in opposition to Tyquan Lewis, Kemoko Turay, and Ben Banogu collectivelys it lacks an lpha dog bonafide #1 go rusher towards anchor the local community as a comprehensive. Signing a nevertheless impactful veteran as a steadying existence and for frequent creation in the direction of lower the volatility of the Coltsyounger gain rushers may fork out off dividendsspecially whilst serving as a go speeding coach for its producing avid gamers in just the treatment Eric Fisher Jersey. In just that respect, it would be a little bit unexpected if the Colts didn insert a complementary veteran go hurrying piece for the duration of no cost company nonetheless nonetheless this offseason.

Final period the Dallas Cowboys noticed their output upon protection shed throughout the board as plenty of veterans struggled toward get back their sort Micah Parsons Jersey. One particular of the further more historically underrated avid gamers whose manufacturing misplaced off for the Cowboys closing year was defensive stop/defensive deal with Tyrone Crawford; he was coming again against double hip surgical procedure that finished his 2019 period soon after merely 4 game titles. His existence within just the trenches within the beyond for the Cowboys was rather necessary after on your own test his electric power toward buy up the business with pace, and his electricity furnishing him the electricity toward drive more than offensive linemen inside his route https://www.dallasprostore.com/49-Cowboy...ott_Jersey. Taking in the two capabilities permitted him toward shift about the defensive line.Crawford in addition introduced a issue of management toward continue to keep avid gamers centered upon the sector and preserve them encouraged. At the time they missing that generation towards this multifaceted participant, it fairly confirmed within the engage in upon the sector for this safety. The functioning activity endured and DeMarcus Lawrence and organization misplaced their move-speeding existence upon the in just of the defensive entrance. By now that he contains retired following working with damage for a lot of his profession, the Cowboys demanded toward track down a further successful participant that can occur within just and Deliver them what they ended up squandering out of Crawford.They were being equipped in direction of discover that participant in just past Chicago Endure defensive conclusion/handle Brent City who incorporates a activity that is beautiful identical in direction of Crawford. City is a participant who is Wonderful off the snap and incorporates the energy in direction of change tempo into electrical power inside of invest in in the direction of take in the direction of the operating back again https://www.dallasprostore.com/196-Cowbo...ell_Jersey, or disrupt the quarterback, towards the inside of the defensive line. Whilst he was overshadowed through the likes of Roy Robertson-Harris and Akiem Hicks, City was a consistent participant who was capable in direction of produce impactful performs inside online games, anything that Crawford was in addition recognised in the direction of do. With City at present sporting a star upon his helmet, he bringing with him a continuous engine toward include towards the center of this defensive line C.J. Goodwin Jersey.The Cowboys view a participant that can genuinely aid this workers in opposition to the function though in addition supplying them some move-hurry press. With any luck , City will display them that their economic was nicely invested.

Did on your own consist of the Carolina Panthers drafting a lengthy snapper within just the 2021 NFL Draft? I comprehend I confident didnt. Very well https://www.carolinaprostore.com/62-Pant...ler_Jersey, that precisely what occurred with the 222nd total select (6th spherical) as soon as they picked out Alabama Thomas Fletcher. It turns out, Fletcher wasnt anticipating it both.Look at out the cellular phone speak to that Matt Rhule created in the direction of Fletcher in the direction of make it possible for him comprehend of the information. His response is invaluable.Oneself can observe us for upcoming insurance policies by means of clickingFollow upon the greatest righthand corner of the webpage Kendall Donnerson Jersey.Originally, Otah appeared such as a best conclusion as the 19th general opt for in just the 2008 NFL Draft. The offensive deal with experienced 25 begins inside his initial 2 seasons with the Panthers, and lots of assumed that he would be a cornerstone within Carolina's offensive line for yrs in the direction of arrive. Even so, Otah experienced against a knee hurt that sidelined him for the finish 2010 time. As soon as the harm, he performed 4 extra periods right before staying minimize. That was the final year he at any time performed in just the NFL.Jarrett was selected within just the minute spherical of the 2007 NFL Draft. He experienced a beautiful productive work with the Trojans, which led plenty of toward believe that that he may be a exceptional health supplement in direction of the mythical Steve Smith. Nonetheless, that wasn't the situation at all. Within 4 seasons within just the league (all with the Panthers), he experienced a amount of 35 receptions inside 33 online games. I believe that suggests more than enough relating to his manufacturing.

Past Cal vast recipient Chad Hansen, who experienced a rebirth inside the NFL past year with the Houston Texans, signed with the Detroit Lions upon Friday.The Lions built the announcement basically following the completion of voluntary exercises. They waived wideout Jonathan Adams and signed Hansen toward a agreement.This will offer you Hansen an probability in direction of reconnect with his past Cal teammate Jared Goff, a quarterback who was discovered by way of the Lions within an offseason offer that delivered Matthew Stafford in direction of the Los Angeles Rams.Goff and Hansen performed alongside one another in just 2015, Goff last period at Cal. Hansen experienced 19 receptions for 249 yards and a touchdown that time. Hansen massive yr for the Golden Bears was 2016, the moment he experienced 92 catches for 1 Tre Nixon Jersey,242 yards and 11 touchdowns.Hansen was drafted through the Contemporary YorkJets in just fourth spherical of the 2017 NFL Draft, and he experienced 9 receptions for 94 yards as a beginner.He then expended period withthe Patriots, Saints, Titans and Broncos without having turning out to be any taking part in year, however emerged as a feasible NFL recipient inside of 2020 once currently being mentioned off waivers via the Texans inside 2019 James White Jersey.Hansen was upon the Texans educate squad towards start the 2020 year https://www.newenglandstoreonline.com/11...ore_Jersey, nevertheless waselevated towards the fast paced roster inside of December for game titles towards the Colts , Bears, Bengals and Titans.He recorded 5 catches for 101 yards within just his 1st video game in opposition to the Colts, more 7 receptions for 56 yards towards the Bears, the recorded 2 receptions for 55 yards and a touchdown within an additional recreation in opposition to the Colts. He done the period with 17 catches for 236 yards inside of 5 video games, which include 2 commences.Even now, Hansen was produced through the Texans inside March of 2021.

Although the figures don overall look that poor upon paper Lorenzo Neal Jersey, the Refreshing Orleans Saints air assault was hard in the direction of keep track of at occasions in opposition to the Philadelphia Eagles upon Sunday. No matter whether it be lost open up men downfield, retaining on to the ball far too very long or currently being indecisive, Taysom Hill experienced likely his optimum irritating efficiency of the calendar year. The Saints bought down early, inside of substantial portion thanks toward Hill, and he was provided keys toward the total move offense toward consider and direct them again. He experienced his times, nonetheless finally unsuccessful.He saved the ball for an ordinary of 2.76 seconds for every eliminate-back again in accordance towards PFF, which was T-5th maximum concerning 34 quarterbacks. As a consequence, the backup quarterback was sacked 5 days.He experienced an normal detail of concentrate of 6.5 yards, which was 24th out of 33 QBs, in spite of feeding on receivers open up downfield upon several situations that he didn check out.This was by way of considerably the greatest discouraging element of re-looking at this recreation.If it wasn directly inside entrance of his confront upon just one of his to start with pair reads, he wasn seriously hitting it. And Though it gets to be down in the direction of it inside a condition in which youe down and taking toss a good deal, youe acquired in direction of build some open up throwing lanes with your eyes and willpower.Acquire this participate in for instanceIt 3rd-and-8, and the Saints work pivot routes with Jared Cook dinner streaking up the centre of the business Christian Ringo Jersey. And the Eagles are within just Go over 2 Zone. He ought to have an understanding of the mismatch directly absent pre-snap that is Cook dinner upon the backup linebacker Alex Singleton, who struggled all calendar year.He seems towards his instantly quickly right after the snap, nonetheless he eyeing Michael Thomas maximum of the course upon the whip path toward the remaining. However what he doesn glance toward recognize is that MT path isn deep ample towards purchase the 1st down.  If he woulde glanced back again in the direction of the directly Rickey Jackson Jersey, he woulde observed that the linebacker didn bring Cook seam way up the heart at all. He experienced adequate season, nevertheless accurately didn feel toward shift the defender as a result of wanting MT route and coming again in direction of Cook dinner. They would close up shed a market purpose right after.That what I necessarily mean as a result of currently being self-discipline and opening a window with your eyes a QB. It a means that can take a large amount of associates toward understand, and Taysom contains listed flashes of it upon 50 percent-market reads, however not any time he incorporates in direction of test a number of transferring areas and digest it instantly.An additional case in point of not knowing an open up recipientNot simply just does Taysom toss an inaccurate ball upon the function towards Prepare dinner right here, nonetheless he misses the recipient he shoulde thrown toward inside the very first position.The Saints are operating a flood idea in the direction of the specifically facet of the sector off of participate in stage, and the Eagles counter it with Address 3 Zone. Adam Trautman is managing the article direction, and is broad open up.Not simply is there a lot of area guiding the down below participant, still the deep 3rd corner includes his back again became in the direction of him. This ought to be the toss.In its place, he will take the even further not possible possibility, and misses.Thus, that was an instance of a misread and inaccuracy. This up coming perform is an illustration of precisely not looking at the business and becoming indecisive late in just the video game.It 3rd-and-8 upon the minute-in direction of-ultimate inspiration of the video game, and Emmanuel Sanders is transferring in the direction of arrive open up upon a curl course late.Taysom prevents in the direction of produce the toss, and pump fakes, then pulls it down and turns into sacked.He was less than worry in close proximity to the conclusion, yet he experienced more than enough season in the direction of create this toss if he was published and remaining deliberate with his treatment. He wasn, and Lutz would close up lost  the sector intent upon the up coming participate in.It wasn all negative, as he experienced some pleasant throws in just there. Together with this wonderful ball towards Mike T  Quarters insurance upon 3rd-and-prolonged.He measures up, waits for the less than defender towards clamp down upon AK and makes it possible for it rip. Great enjoy.Upon the fairly upcoming perform, he strike Sanders upon the massive touchdown inside of the 3rd quarter.The Eagles are in just Include 3 Zone right here, and the Saints work a Yankee notion with a again-facet curl in the direction of retain the deep 3rd defender toward the still left.Hill sees the heart-of-the-industry basic safety clamp down upon the crosser, and the deep-still left-3rd defender becoming retained by means of MT curl Keith Washington Jr. Jersey. This leaves the deep MoF open up for Sanders, who wins in just upon his path decisively.Fantastic toss and an even superior capture.It wasn all Taysom fault, possibly. The offensive line wasn superior, and his receivers lost 2 balls.The sudden detail pertaining to this sport was the electricity of the offense was the element that less than-done. Terron Armstead led the line inside of pressures provided up , with Peat small powering . Josh Hill was a catastrophe in just go safety, delivering up a few pressures upon merely 8 go-protecting against snaps.He was on top of that the purpose Taysom didn incorporate sufficient period towards arrive back again towards his bottom browse upon the 4th-and-2 engage in.While, as Taysom explained inside of an job interview Wednesday, he likely shoulde exactly permit this rip deep towards Sanders.My greatest just take upon this match is that it wasn all Taysom fault, nevertheless he just amplifies the weaknesses of the offense with his weaknesses. Whenever the offensive line is delivering up worry, he isn informed of it and refuses toward choose off out of the pocket. He retains the ball far too very long and will take a pair excess ticks toward receive in the course of his reads, which doesn seem to be which includes that extended upon paper, yet Although youe looking at stay it appears to be excruciatingly sluggish. It which includes he striving establish he can participate in inside the pocket and is not working with his advantages as an athlete inside the procedure.Furthermore, he isn unbelievably favourable at throwing upon the function, which doesn guidance.He genuinely not that inaccurate of a passer, however he simply not pinpoint appropriate Alvin Kamara Jersey, which is what Saints supporters are made use of in direction of. As a result, he is made up of a ton of throws that are catchable, still not precisely proper. And that accomplishment inside of some drops through receivers who are on top of that utilized towards pinpoint precision.Total, this recreation verified that Taysom contains a extensive path toward move as a quarterback. All assume is not missing, still the 30-calendar year-previous requires year toward establish. The marvel is  how considerably even further season does he incorporate toward do as a result, and are yourself gentle supplying him the keys toward the offense for the full 2021 time towards look at if that growth pays off?What do your self believe that of Taysom Hill? Permit us understand inside the responses. Generate absolutely sure by yourself abide by Canal Road Chronicles upon Twitter at SaintsCSC, ikeus upon Fb at Canal Highway Chronicles, and deliver yes youe subscribed towards our fresh new YouTube channel Nick Vannett Jersey.